To evaluate milk production (LP), daily gain of weight in calves (GDP), interval between births (IEP) and use of artificial insemination in Cacota, Chitagá, Pamplona, Pamplonita, Silos, and Mutiscua, a sample of farms was selected (n=113) and a direct survey was applied. Two sizes of farms were characterized: up to 10 animals (47.8%) and >10 animals (52.2%). The farms were grouped by quartiles of altitude in meters above sea level (MSNM) (Q1: 1600-2300 (n=27), Q2: 2300-2600 (n=28), Q3: 2600-2800 (n=28), Q4: 2800-3800 (n=30). The Normande race predominates (38.2%), followed by Holstein (23.0%). The presence of Normande decreases with altitude descent, being different between Q4 and Q1 (P=0.009). Genotypes of Cebuins (Gyr, Brahman) appear in Q2 and increase in Q1 (P=0.03). The PL was 5.5±0.2 L/cow*day, with higher productions in Chitagá and Mutiscua (6.4±0.6 and 6.1±0.4 L/cow*day respectively), and lower (P=0.005) in Pamplonita 4.4±0.4 L/cow*day. The GDP was 367±17 g/day, and tended to be lower (P = 0.09) in farms with up to 10 animals (336±23.3 g/day, n=46) compared to farms with more than 10 animals (393±23.7 g/day, n=53). The larger farms (>10 animals) had a lower average IEP with 393±5.5 days (n=59), compared to farms with up to 10 animals (419±11.4 days, n=54; P= 0.04). For quartile Q1, the IEP was higher (438 days, P = 0.01) than Q4 (382 days). The use of semen from nine breeds for artificial insemination was reported, 48.8% corresponding to specialized dairy breeds (Jersey 27.9%, Ayrshire 11.6%, and Holstein 9.3%), 30.2% dual purpose European breeds (Normandy 27.9%, Simmental 2.3%), and 21.0% zebuin breeds or their crosses (Gyr 11.7%, Guzera 4.7%, Girolando 2.3%, and Brahman 2.3%). The present characterization allows us to diagnose the current state of the livestock industry in the region studied and to project technical guidelines for improvement
La ultrasonografía transrectal se ha convertido en una útil herramienta en la reproducción animal desde su implementación en la década de 1980. Su uso abarca desde el campo clínico hasta estudios fisiológicos, pasando por numerosas aplicaciones prácticas de diagnóstico en finca. Hacer una revisión de los principios básicos de la ultrasonografía y con base en resultados de investigación, señalar la importancia de su potencial uso dentro del contexto productivo de la empresa ganadera. Se describen conceptos anatómicos y fisiológicos del tracto reproductivo de la hembra bovina así como también sobre el uso de la ecografía en el seguimiento de la dinámica ovárica a través de mediciones del diámetro folicular y volumen del cuerpo lúteo durante el ciclo estral, relacionando estas variables con la obtención exitosa de una preñez diagnosticada igualmente por medio de ultrasonido. Se presentan algunos referentes de investigación, así como resultados propios, que mostraron una relación positiva entre el diámetro del folículo ovulatorio, el volumen del cuerpo lúteo generado luego de la ovulación, y el diagnostico positivo de preñez. Nuestros datos, y la literatura relacionada, demuestran que la ultrasonografía es una herramienta útil para la evaluación, diagnóstico y toma de decisiones respecto a los eventos reproductivos de la hembra bovina, con potencial para ser usada en conjunto con la aplicación de biotecnologías reproductivas como la inseminación artificial y transferencia de embriones con el fin de optimizar su eficiencia.
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