Zinc oxide thin-films are prepared either by spin coating of an ethanolic dispersion of nanoparticles (NP, diameter 5 nm) or by spray pyrolysis of a zinc acetate dihydrate precursor. High-resolution electron microscopy studies reveal a monolayer of particles for the low temperature spin coating approach and larger crystalline domains of more than 30 nm for the spray pyrolysis technique. Thin-film transistor devices (TFTs) based on spray pyrolysis films exhibit higher electron mobilities of up to 24 cm2 V(-1) s(-1) compared to 0.6 cm2 V(-1) s(-1) for NP based TFTs. These observations were dedicated to a reduced number of grain boundaries within the transistor channel.

In this work, we present a novel small molecule based on dithienylthienothiadiazole units (named SM1) acting as an efficient component in ternary blend organic solar cells to modify the hole extraction at the interface. Our findings show that the SM1 suppresses the surface recombination and enhances the open-circuit voltage ( V). By introducing SM1 in a host system composed of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and [6,6]-phenyl- C-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM), we obtained V values of up to 0.75 V and fill factors larger than 70% for the ternary blends. As a consequence, the power conversion efficiency is improved by about 30% compared to P3HT:PCBM binary devices. Interestingly, external quantum efficiency and absorption spectra in the near-infrared region do not show any contribution of SM1 in dried films. Instead, the addition of the small molecule improves the V by reducing the surface recombination losses. To shed light on the recombination processes, we carried out Fourier-transform photocurrent spectroscopy and impedance spectroscopy measurements. This work shows that the ternary concept can also have functionalities other than photosensitization and can even act as a morphology-directing agent or an interface modifier.