Acute ischemic stroke in the pediatric population is rare but carries lasting and often lifelong morbidity. Thrombolysis and mechanical thrombectomy are mainstays of care in adults, yet there is very little evidence for these treatments in children. We present the case of a 4-year-old boy with complex congenital heart disease, admitted 30 min after sudden onset of an aphasia and right hemiplegia, scoring 14 on the Pediatric National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (PedNIHSS). Non-contrast brain computed tomography (CT) showed no evidence of acute ischemia. CT angiogram demonstrated a thrombus in the M1 segment of the left middle cerebral artery. Intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rTPA) was infused 3.5 h after onset of symptoms. An improvement was observed in the hour after rTPA, with a PedNIHSS score of 7. Digital subtraction angiography was performed approximately 9 h from the onset of symptoms, showing a complete left M1 occlusion. The patient underwent successful mechanical thrombectomy and was discharged with a PedNIHSS score of 2. This case emphasizes the importance of early recognition to direct children towards rapid diagnosis and hyperacute treatment.
Introdução: O exantema em idade pediátrica representa frequentemente um desafio na prática clínica diária, na medida em que pode estar enquadrado numa grande variedade de patologias, com atingimento cutâneo isolado ou sistémico, incluindo patologias benignas e autolimitadas e situações de maior gravidade que podem requerer uma atitude mais interventiva. Os autores relatam um caso de urticária multiforme, com o objetivo de recordar os aspetos semiológicos característicos desta patologia, o seu caráter benigno, os diagnósticos diferenciais a considerar e a terapêutica a instituir. Descrição do caso: Lactente de onze meses, do sexo masculino, sem antecedentes patológicos de relevo, trazido ao serviço de urgência por exantema evanescente e edema periférico com cerca de 24 horas de evolução, sem febre ou outras queixas associadas. Tinha terminado amoxicilina com ácido clavulânico por otite média aguda dois dias antes da vinda. Ao exame físico destacava-se um exantema maculopapular, com lesões anulares, policíclicas, de halo eritematoso e centro claro, disperso pela face, tronco e membros, pruriginoso, associado a edema ligeiro das mãos, pés e face, sem petéquias, sem atingimento das mucosas nem outras alterações relevantes. Não se considerou necessária a realização de exames complementares, tendo tido alta com diagnóstico de urticária multiforme em contexto pós-infecioso/pós-farmacológico, medicado com anti-histamínico e corticoide por via oral. Verificou-se resolução completa das lesões cerca de 48 horas depois. Comentário: A urticária multiforme é uma patologia benigna e autolimitada que surge sobretudo em idade pediátrica, caracterizada pelo aparecimento de exantema maculopapular eritematoso, com lesões anulares e policíclicas, evanescente, facilmente confundível com outras patologias mais graves. Inicialmente pode assemelhar-se a eritema multiforme, doença do soro-like, vasculite urticariforme e edema hemorrágico da infância; no entanto, estas entidades representam patologias distintas, com abordagens e prognósticos diferentes, sendo extremamente importante a distinção clínica entre as mesmas.
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia is a developmental defect of the diaphragm that allows herniation of abdominal contents into the thoracic cavity. It is usually diagnosed in the neonatal period. Late presenting cases are uncommon and difficult to diagnose, due to their rarity and diversity of semiology, with clinical presentation overlapping with other more frequent pathologies. We report a case of a 14-month-old male, with history of several episodes of bronchial hyperresponsiveness, that presented with a two-day history of nasal obstruction, emetizing cough and respiratory distress, without other associated symptoms. On physical examination we observed a 95% oxygen saturation, tachycardia, pallor, signs of respiratory distress, decreased breathing sounds in the left hemithorax and excavated abdomen. Chest radiography revealed the presence of intestinal loops in the left hemithorax, with contralateral mediastinal deviation, suggesting diaphragmatic hernia. Surgical correction was performed with direct closure of the posterolateral defect. This case highlights the importance of clinical evaluation and considering this entity in cases of persistent gastrointestinal or respiratory symptoms, in all age groups.
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