For millennia, humans have used plants and fungi, as foods, fuels, fibers, and medicines; and have developed techniques for improving their usefulness to our species, mostly through selection of desirable traits. With human populations forecast to rise, the availability of arable land likely to fall amid climate change and increasing urbanization, and modern communications technologies accelerating the dispersal of pathogens, further improvement is urgently needed. However, ensuring long-term resilience involves conservation of existing genetic diversity in addition to selection. New technologies, particularly those based on molecular biology, are increasingly driving conservation and improvement strategies. How to cite this article: Kersey PJ, Collemare J, Cockel C, et al. Selecting for useful properties of plants and fungi-Novel approaches, opportunities, and challenges. Plants, People,

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The physiological mechanisms of shade tolerance and trait plasticity variations under shade remain poorly understood in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Twenty-five genotypes of rice were evaluated under open and shade conditions. Various parameters to identify variations in the plasticity of these traits in growth irradiance were measured. We found wide variations in specific leaf weight (SLW) and net assimilation rate measured at 400 µmol m−2 s−1 photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD; referred to as A400) among the genotypes. Under shade, tolerant genotypes maintained a high rate of net photosynthesis by limiting specific leaf weight accompanied by increased intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) compared with open-grown plants. On average, net photosynthesis was enhanced by 20% under shade, with a range of 2–30%. Increased accumulation of biomass under shade was observed, but it showed no correlation with photosynthetic plasticity. Chlorophyll a/b ratio also showed no association with photosynthetic rate and yield. Analysis of variance showed that 11%, 16%, and 37% of the total variance of A400, SLW, and Ci were explained due to differences in growth irradiance. SLW and A400 plasticity in growth irradiance was associated with yield loss alleviation with R2 values of 0.37 and 0.16, respectively. Biomass accumulation was associated with yield loss alleviation under shade, but no correlation was observed between A400 and leaf-N concentration. Thus, limiting specific leaf weight accompanied by increased Ci rather than leaf nitrogen concentration might have allowed rice genotypes to maintain a high net photosynthesis rate per unit leaf area and high yield under shade.

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