We report the first fatal case of Campylobacter rectus infection due to a subdural empyema and ruptured mycotic intracranial aneurysm and two cases of limb-threatening C. rectus necrotizing soft tissue and bone infection and empyema thoracis that responded to amoxicillin-clavulanate and surgical debridement and drainage. All three strains were identified by 16S rRNA sequencing. CASE REPORTS Case 1. A previously healthy 41-year-old Indonesian woman was admitted to the hospital in July 2006 because of left frontal headache, left eye ptosis, and diplopia lasting for 2 weeks. On admission, she was afebrile. Examination revealed palsy of the left side of the third, fourth, and sixth cranial nerves with pupil involvement. Blood tests showed leukocytosis with neutrophil predominance (white cell count, 13.0 ϫ 10 9 /liter; 90% neutrophils), normal hemoglobin level (12.0 g/dl) and platelet count (378 ϫ 10 9 /liter), hyperglycemia (random glucose, 20.9 mmol/ liter), and elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) (55 mm/h) and C-reactive protein (CRP) level (43.6 mg/liter). Renal and liver function tests were normal. A contrast cranial computed tomography (CT) scan with angiography showed a 9-by 6-by 6-mm laterally pointing saccular aneurysm over the cavernous portion of the left internal carotid artery (Fig. 1). Urgent percutaneous coil embolization of the aneurysm was performed, with a postembolization angiogram showing obliteration of the aneurysmal sac. The patient's headache initially improved; however, 10 days later, her headache recurred and she developed fever. A cranial CT scan showed the presence of blood in the interhemispheric fissure and supratentorial regions, with thin rims of hyperdensity present in the left temporal and occipital regions, suggesting a subdural hematoma. A digital subtraction angiogram showed two new aneurysms arising from the cavernous part of the left internal carotid artery. Transthoracic echocardiography revealed good left ventricular function with no vegetations. Parent artery occlusion of the cervical part of the left internal carotid artery by coil embolization was performed. A blood culture was performed, and empirical treatment with intravenous vancomycin plus ceftriaxone was initiated. Her condition did not improve, and repeated cranial CT scans showed an increase in size of the left subdural collection causing midline shift. A decompressive craniotomy was performed, and foul-smelling pus mixed with old blood was noted. A craniectomy with evacuation of the residual subdural empyema was performed. Empirical treatment with intravenous metronidazole was added. Unfortunately, the patient's condition continued to worsen, and she died from transtentorial herniation 3 weeks after admission. The anaerobic blood culture bottle eventually yielded a mixed growth of Porphyromonas gingivalis and an unidentified anaerobic Gramnegative rod (strain 1); culture of the subdural pus also grew the same unidentified organism as well as Propionibacterium acnes.Case 2. A previously healthy 64-year-old...