Germinal matrix-intraventricular hemorrhage (GM-IVH) is a common intracranial complication in preterm infants, especially those born before 32 weeks of gestation and very-low-birth-weight infants. Hemorrhage originates in the fragile capillary network of the subependymal germinal matrix of the developing brain and may disrupt the ependymal lining and progress into the lateral cerebral ventricle. GM-IVH is associated with increased mortality and abnormal neurodevelopmental outcomes such as posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus, cerebral palsy, epilepsy, severe cognitive impairment, and visual and hearing impairment. Most affected neonates are asymptomatic, and thus, diagnosis is usually made using real-time transfontanellar ultrasound. The present review provides a synopsis of the pathogenesis, grading, incidence, risk factors, and diagnosis of GM-IVH in preterm neonates. We explore brief literature related to outcomes, management interventions, and pharmacological and nonpharmacological prevention strategies for GM-IVH and posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus.

Congenital malaria is the presence of malaria parasites in a blood smear obtained from a neonate usually within 24 hours to 7 days of life. It has for long been regarded a rare condition. However, recent data indicate that congenital malaria complicates around 35.9% of live births globally, 0–37% in Sub-Saharan Africa and about 4–6.1% in Eastern Uganda. We present a 2-day-old neonate who presented with fever, irritability, and failure to breastfeed. Laboratory tests indicated that the neonate had a positive Giemsa-stained peripheral smear for Plasmodium falciparum, with a positive malaria rapid diagnostic test (MRDT) for P. falciparum malaria. The mother had a negative peripheral film for malaria and a negative MRDT. The neonate was managed with intravenous artesunate with improvement.

Background Despite global interventions to prevent and control diarrhea, it still remains a public health problem leading to childhood morbidity and mortality majorly in developing countries. In Uganda, diarrhea is amongst the five leading causes of under-five mortality, contributing to more than 140,000 deaths every year and this accounts for 7.1% of all under-five mortalities in Uganda. Efforts to prevent and lower diarrheal diseases need to be informed by data on determinants of diarrhea. The study assessed factors associated with diarrheal diseases among children below five years in selected slum settlements in Entebbe municipality, Wakiso District, Uganda. Methods The study employed a cross-sectional study design covering 384 randomly selected households having children < 5 years old in the study area using quantitative research methods. Data was collected using close-ended questionnaires and diarrhea disease history was captured for the last month before the survey. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to identify the risk factors associated with childhood diarrhea considering a 95% confidence level. Results The prevalence of Diarrhea disease in children among the selected slum settlements in Entebbe municipality was found to be at 62.4%. Access to water from a protected water source (deep well and borehole), presence of a vent in toilets, age, and child birth weight were found to be significantly associated with diarrheal diseases among children below five years in the selected slum settlements in Entebbe municipality. Conclusion The prevalence of childhood diarrhea among children < 5 years of age in selected slums of Entebbe municipality was found high. Use of water from a protected source, presence of a vent in toilets, age, child birth and weight were identified as predictors of diarrhea occurrence. These findings imply that community health education is urgently needed for fighting childhood diarrhea in the study area to eliminate the predisposing factors to diarrhea.

Introduction and Importance: Even though urolithiasis in general is not uncommon, urethral stones have an incidence of less than 0.3% and are 20 times less common in children. Though cases of urethral stones have been reported in children from endemic areas, they are even rarer in countries like Uganda that are not endemic for urolithiasis. Case Presentation: The authors present a 7-year-old male who presented with acute urine retention. Though the diagnosis of retention was made in a lower-level health facility, the cause of the retention was not determined till the patient arrived at a general hospital. Diagnosis of an obstructing stone in the penile urethra was made clinically. Meatotomy and stone extraction were done, and a urethral catheter was passed. Clinical Discussion and Conclusion: When attending to children with acute urine retention, urolithiasis should be kept among the differential diagnoses, even in areas that are not endemic for urinary tract stones. A thorough clinical evaluation may be all that is needed to make a diagnosis.

Background: Despite global interventions to prevent and control diarrhea, it still remains a public health problem leading to childhood morbidity and mortality majorly in developing countries. In Uganda, diarrhea is amongst the five leading causes of under-five mortality, contributing to more than 140,000 deaths every year and this accounts for 7.1% of all under-five mortalities in Uganda. Efforts to prevent and lower diarrheal diseases need to be informed by data on determinants of diarrhea. The study assessed factors associated with diarrheal diseases among children below five years in selected slum settlements in Entebbe municipality, Wakiso District, Uganda.Methods: The study employed a cross-sectional study design covering 384 randomly selected households having children < 5 years old in the study area using quantitative research methods. Data was collected using close-ended questionnaires and diarrhea disease history was captured for the last month before the survey. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses was to identify the risk factors associated with childhood diarrhea considering a 95% confidence interval and p < 0.05.Results: Diarrhea disease in children among the selected slum settlements in Entebbe municipality was found to be at 62.4%. Access to water from a protected water source (deep well and borehole), presence of a vent in toilets, age, and child birth weight were found to be significantly associated with diarrheal diseases among children below five years.Conclusion: The prevalence of childhood diarrhea among children < 5 years of age in selected slums of Entebbe municipality was found high. Use of water from a protected source, presence of a vent in toilets, age, and child birth weight were identified as predictors of diarrhea occurrence. These findings implied that community health education is urgently needed for fighting childhood diarrhea in the study area to eliminate the predisposing factors to diarrhea.