Plastic bag bioreactors are single-use bioreactors, frequently used in solid culture fermentation. This study developed plastic bag bioreactors with more effective aeration conditions and particular connection elements that yield sensors, environmental control, and modular connectivity. This bioreactor system integrates the bags in a chain that circulates air and moisture through filtered connections. Within the present scope, this study also aimed to reveal that cultures in different plastic bags can be produced without affecting each other. In this direction, biomass production in the modular chain bioreactor (MCB) system developed in this study was compared to traditional bag systems. In addition, contamination experiments were carried out between the bags in the system, and it was observed that the filters in the developed system did not affect the microorganisms in different bags.

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Özetİzmir kenti, 17. yüzyıldan 19. yüzyılın sonlarına uzanan bir süreçte azınlıklar tarafından inşa edilmiş birçok büyük ölçekli hastane yapısının yanı sıra Cumhuriyet döneminin modernist sağlık yapılarını ve 1980 sonrası dönemin farklı mimari diller taşıyan örneklerini barındırmaktadır. Kentteki sağlık kurumlarını topluca ve detaylı olarak ortaya koyan bir kaynak olmadığı gibi; yapısal, mekânsal ve mimari nitelikleriyle irdeleyen bir çalışma da bulunmamaktadır. Bu yazı kapsamında Cumhuriyet dönemi öncesinde kentte inşa edilen hastane yapıları incelenmiş, dönüştürülen yapılar kapsam dışında tutularak hastane olarak inşa edilen binalar esas alınmıştır. Yapılan detaylı literatür taraması çerçevesinde, İzmir'de sağlık kavramı ve mekansal yansımalarını ortaya koymak; günümüze ulaşan ya da yok olan hastane yapılarını belgelemek ve kentteki hastane yapılarının mekansal gelişimlerini irdelemek hedeflenmiştir. Cumhuriyet öncesi dönem hastaneleri genellikle azınlıklara ait olduğundan, yabancı mimarların Batılı tasarım ve uygulama alışkanlıklarını yansıtmaktadırlar. Bununla birlikte Batılılaşma dönemi Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nda, kamu yapıları mimarisinde yaygın olarak kullanılan neo klasik üslubun ağırlığı İzmir'deki azınlık hastanelerinde de görülmektedir. Anahtar Kelimeler: İzmir, Hastane yapıları, Mimarlık, Mekânsal Gelişim Abstract Spatial Developments of Izmir Hospitals before RepublicThe city of Izmir constitute many big scale hospital buildings, which constructed between 17th century and 19th century by minorities; and modernist health facilities of Republic period and also productions that has different architectural styles of the period of after 1980. There is not any comprehensive study about health facilities of the city and also about the spatial and architectural characteristics of them. In this paper, the hospital buildings of the period of before Republic are researched but predicated buildings that constructed really as a hospital on except transformed buildings. In consideration of the detailed literature review, it is aimed to introduce the notion of health in Izmir and its spatial reflections in Izmir, to document extant or absent hospitals and to criticize the spatial development of hospitals in the city. The hospitals were generally belonged to minorities and reflected the Western architectural trends of foreigner architects in the period of pre-Republic. However, neo-classic style, which was widespread in public buildings of Ottoman architecture, was seen in hospitals of Izmir.

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Brutalism has a privileged role in the history of modern architecture. After World War II, when the discussion of modernism began, Brutalism might have been the first tendency that criticized modern architecture and discussed its positive and negative aspects. In the literature on the history of architecture, two "Brutalisms" have been mentioned. One of these paths was that of Le Corbusier and his buildings, especially those produced after 1950; the other was the Brutalism of those following Smithson, who shaped their ideas in an intellectual area, with the name of "New Brutalism", more than that of the built environment. However, in both, the common traits were the expression of the structure, materials, and functions of a building, and also the use of materials in their natural, "rough" appearance and for their unpretentious honesty. Using raw material-especially raw concrete (beton brut)-also suggested an ethical implication for brutalists: staring at reality without any veils, purified from all ornaments, and observing the naked and uncontaminated beauty of naturality. The Brutalist movement flourished from the 1950s to the mid-1970s and expanded into local architecture all over the world. The Brutalist effects on architectural products are not only observed in the use of raw concrete, but also in its structural expressionism, using different materials in their pure and natural state, fragmental mass conception in contrast with the huge, monoblock prisms of the International Style, and also in searching for the patterns in old, urban areas. Hence, Brutalism was shaped into delighting forms and, in the hands of talented architects in different localities, many competent Brutalist samples were produced. Although it is generally accepted that Brutalism largely fell into disuse by the 1980s, it has experienced an "updating" of sorts in recent years. Many of the Brutalist aspects have been observed in newer buildings all over the world, with concrete façades, pre-cast elements, using raw materials, and structural expressionism. Accordingly, this Special Issue is aimed at critically analyzing Brutalism again, in all its forms, and to scrutinize the newer Brutalist tendencies throughout the world. Of special interest is a focus on local experiences in Eastern and Asian countries.Topics of primary interest include, but are not limited to: Theoretical frame of Brutalism and its history Brutalist examples in history of architecture Local examples of Brutalism, especially in Eastern and Asian countriesWe look forward to receiving your submission.