Transversus abdominis plane (TAP) is a fascial plane containing the thoracolumbar nerve branches that innervate the abdominal wall. Limited information is available on the anatomical organization of these nerve branches in the dog, which is of great importance for the success of the TAP block anaesthetic technique. The aim of this study was to describe the origin and conformation of thoracolumbar nerves running through the TAP in 20 hemi-abdominal walls of 10 adult mongrel dog cadavers with an average body weight of 12.6 kg (range: 9.6-15.6). The abdominal walls were dissected from superficial to deep direction, the skin and both obliquus externus abdominis and obliquus internus abdominis muscles were dissected and reflected dorsally to expose the transversus abdominis muscle and the thoracolumbar nerve branches located in this plane. The anatomical features of ventral nerve branches were described. The thoracic nerve branches: T7-T12 and costoabdominalis; and the lumbar nerve branches: iliohypogastricus cranialis, iliohypogastricus caudalis, ilioinguinalis and cutaneus femoris lateralis were identified in all the cadavers. Anatomical variations related to the presence or absence within the TAP of the T7, T8 and T9 nerve branches were found. These variations should be taken into account when planning the TAP block technique in dogs.

Tamandua mexicana is a mammal of the superorder Xenarthra geographically located between Mexico and Peru that remains insufficiently studied. These species are characterized by their movement, resting, and eating of termites and ants in arboreal and terrestrial environments, and therefore, their thoracic limbs have been adapted morphologically to move in these environments. Tamandua mexicana is a species constantly threatened by different causes, and their thoracic limbs can be affected in the scapular and shoulder regions as a result; therefore, specific anatomical knowledge of the scapula allows for better clinical procedures, surgical approaches, radiological diagnosis and muscular reconstructions in extinct species of anteaters. The main objective of this study was to report the anatomical and radiographic features of the scapula in juvenile and adult specimens of T. mexicana. Gross dissections and radiographic study were performed in six cadavers. The scapula had large differences compared with other mammals, such as two spines, a foramen for the suprascapular nerve, a long acromion, a cranial transverse scapular ligament and caudolateral fossa for the origin of the muscles teres major, tensor fasciae antebrachii and subscapular. In juvenile specimens, a scapular cartilage, an acromial cartilage, craniomedial and caudolateral coracoscapular ligaments forming the foramen for the suprascapular nerve, and progressive ossification of those ligaments and the cranial transverse scapular ligament were observed. These findings were corroborated by radiography; therefore, these characteristics change with age. The bony reliefs of the scapula of T. mexicana corroborate the specialization of the shoulder in this species.

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REPORTE DE CASO/CASE REPORT Intraoperative analgesic effects of intratesticular lidocaine in a dog undergoing elective orchiectomy: case report Efeito analgésico intraoperatória da lidocaína intratesticular em um cão submetido a orquiectomia eletiva: relato de caso Efecto analgésico intraoperatorio de la lidocaína intratesticular en un perro sometido a orquiectomía electiva: reporte de caso

Bloqueo anestésico de los nervios intercostales T6-T11 en un canino sometido a escisión quirúrgica de masa tumoral ubicada en pared abdominal cráneo-ventral.Reporte de caso RESUMEN: Se expone el manejo anestésico realizado a un canino hembra de raza Golden Retriever de 8 años de edad sometida a escisión quirúrgica de un tumor maligno localizado en la pared del abdomen cráneo-ventral; para lo cual se efectuó el bloqueo anestésico bilateral de los nervios intercostales T6-T11 empleando marcas anatómicas de superficie como técnica de neurolocalización, y usando bupivacaína (0,5%) como anestésico local. Lo anterior como parte de un protocolo de anestesia multimodal que también incluyó acepromacina, meloxicam, tramadol, propofol e isoflurano en O2 al 100%. Los valores de presión arterial media y frecuencia cardiaca fueron evaluados intraoperatoriamente; el dolor postoperatorio fue evaluado aplicando para ello la escala compuesta del dolor de Glasgow. Las variables cardiorrespiratorias intraoperatorias evaluadas se mantuvieron estables durante todo el procedimiento quirúrgico. La valoración postoperatoria del dolor evidenció una adecuada cobertura analgésica. El bloqueo intercostal empleado en este paciente como parte de un protocolo de anestesia multimodal permitió minimizar el consumo de isoflurano, y evitó el empleo de analgesia de rescate en el periodo intraoperatorio, así como la necesidad de administrar anestesia suplementaria en el postoperatorio evaluado. El bloqueo de los nervios intercostales T6-T11 por medio de la técnica de marcas anatómicas de superficie, sumado al protocolo multimodal empleado, permitió obtener una cobertura analgésica eficaz, económica y segura en el paciente evaluado. Esta técnica podría ser considerada como una alternativa frente al bloqueo epidural tradicionalmente realizado en procedimientos quirúrgicos que involucran la pared abdominal.Palabras clave: analgesia, bloqueo nervioso, epidural, perros Anesthetic block of the T6-T11 intercostal nerves in a canine underwent a surgical excision of a tumor mass located in the cranio-ventral abdominal wall ABSTRACT: The anesthetic management of an 8-year-old Golden Retriever female canine submitted to surgical excision of a malignant tumor located in the wall of the cranio-ventral abdomen was exposed; for which the T6-T11 bilateral intercostal nerves anesthetic block was performed using anatomical surface marks as