Diante da necessidade da avaliação de risco de ativos financeiros, investidores demandam métodos de modelagem sofisticados que possam inferir a respeito da variabilidade de suas aplicações. Ao mesmo tempo, a globalização financeira tem sido caracterizada por movimentos e tendências comuns entre diversos mercados internacionais. Nesse contexto, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo modelar a volatilidade estatística do Índice Bovespa e do Dow Jones Industrial Average Index, por meio de ajustes ARMA-GARCH, além de averiguar a existência de equilíbrio de longo praazo e precedência temporal entre essas variáveis, por meio dos testes de co-integração de Johansen e causalidade de Granger, respectivamente. Os resultados mostraram uma variância heterogênea superior para o indicador brasileiro e a existência de precedência temporal para o índice americano, apesar da ausência de equilíbrio de longo prazo entre as séries. Entende-se que esse último comportamento pode ter sido causado pela diferença existente entre as heterocedasticidades condicionais de cada índice.
The view of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) on capital account liberalization and capital controls has undergone important reassessments over the past two and a half decades. Several financial crises, including the 2007-2008 global financial one (GFC), propelled it to partially defend the use of capital controls to eliminate certain dysfunctions, such as financial risks and pressures on exchange rate appreciation. Our study shows that this reorientation in the scope of IMF articles also configured a response to empirical studies that pointed to flaws in orthodox theory about capital account liberalization and those that investigated the effectiveness of capital controls in emerging economies in the post-global financial crisis period. However, we are yet to find no explicit defense in favor of the use of capital controls and the permanent management of exchange rates, despite relevant empirical evidence indicating the effectiveness of these measures.
The mainstream studies on capital accounts underwent important changes over the last three decades. Starting from the theoretical models that grounded full capital account liberalization, the financial crises that hit emerging markets in the 1990s and then the global financial crisis that broke out in 2008 showed several dysfunctions of financial globalization. In addition, the post-global crisis period provided new evidence on the effectiveness of regulation measures. In response to much evidence contradicting the earlier ex ante models, several mainstream authors developed new models that ground the use of capital controls. In this context, the main objective of this paper is to analyze the recent evolution of mainstream economics on capital account liberalization and capital controls, focusing on its new evidence and theoretical reorientation. This paper sustains that the new mainstream models represent a new phase in its approach on the regulation of international capital flows.
The financial crises in emerging economies during the 1990s and 2000s propelled academia and multilateral institutions to investigate whether the promised benefits of capital account liberalization were being delivered or not. In the course of empirical studies on the subject, many ex ante theoretical assumptions on financial globalization were demystified, and previously unknown risks and dysfunctions began to be evidenced. This article analyzes the main empirical studies on the effects of financial globalization published in the last two decades and shows that the main conventional assumptions that were built to theoretically base the capital account liberalization processes that occurred in the 1980s and 1990s were wrong.
RESUMO Este artigo analisa a inserção diferenciada das economias asiáticas e latino-americanas na globalização financeira entre 1995 e 2016, destacando a relação entre o saldo em transações correntes do balanço de pagamentos e o uso de controles de capitais. Argumenta-se que, no contexto da globalização financeira, a constituição de blindagem externa e o uso de controles de capitais são fundamentais para manter a taxa de câmbio real em um nível competitivo. Evidências dos seis maiores países da América Latina e dos Tigres Asiáticos e China (excluindo Taiwan) apontam que os países que lograram constituir blindagem externa, ou seja, com elevados e persistentes superávits em transações correntes do balanço de pagamentos mediante produção e exportação de produtos de alto valor agregado, foram menos dependentes de entradas de capital internacional mais voláteis, bem como mais capazes de usar controles de capital mais elevados e estáveis ao longo do tempo, e de manter a taxa de câmbio real em um nível competitivo.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.