Background Five hundred 8-d old male broilers Cobb500 were randomly allotted into 10 treatments in factorial arrangement with 5 Cu levels (0, 4, 8, 12, and 16 mg/kg), and 2 sources (Cu proteinate, CuPro and Cu sulphate, CuSO4.5H2O) for a 10-d-experiment. Results Feed conversion ratio (FCR) was better (P < 0.05) in CuPro fed chicks compared with CuSO4.5H2O group. Average daily feed intake (ADFI) decreased linearly (P < 0.05) as dietary Cu increased. A quadratic response (P < 0.05) to Cu levels was found for FCR, being optimized at 9.87 and 8.84 mg Cu/kg in CuPro and CuSO4.5H2O diets, respectively. Copper supplementation linearly increased liver Cu content (P < 0.05) and tended to linearly increase (P = 0.07) phosphorus (P) and copper in tibia. Manganese and zinc were higher (P < 0.05) in tibia of CuPro fed birds. Broilers fed CuPro exhibited lower liver iron (P < 0.05) content, lower activities of Cu, Zn superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD) in breast muscle and liver, and glutathione peroxidase in liver. Glutathione peroxidase reduced linearly (P < 0.05) with CuPro levels and increased linearly (P < 0.05) with CuSO4.5H2O levels and were lower (P < 0.05) in all CuPro levels in breast muscle. Breast muscle malondialdehyde concentration tended to be higher (P = 0.08) in broilers fed CuSO4.5H2O. Copper levels linearly increased (P < 0.05) metallothionein (MT) and malate dehydrogenase (MDH) expression in liver, and six-transmembrane epithelial antigen of the prostate-1 (STEAP-1) in the intestine. Copper elicited a quadratic response (P < 0.050) in AKT-1 and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) in breast muscle, CuZnSOD in liver and antioxidant 1 copper chaperone (ATOX 1) in intestine. Broilers fed CuPro exhibited higher mRNA expression of mTOR in muscle breast and lower CuZnSOD in liver and ATOX 1 in intestine. Interaction (P < 0.05) between levels and sources was found in mRNA expression for GSK-3β, MT, and CuZnSOD in breast muscle, FAS and LPL in liver and MT and CTR1 in intestine. Conclusions CuPro showed beneficial effects on feed conversion and bone mineralization. Organic and inorganic Cu requirements are 9.87 and 8.84 mg Cu/kg, respectively.
Two experiments were carried out to determine the energy values and the true ileal digestibility of amino acids of nine toasted full-fat soybeans (FFSB), without or with the addition of monocomponent protease. In the first experiment, to determine the energy values, the method of excreta collection was used with 1120 broiler chicks at 14 days old, distributed in randomized blocks in a 10x2 factorial arrangement with nine full-fat soybeans (30% included) plus a control diet (70%) without or with the addition of protease, totaling 20 treatments with 8 replicates and 7 birds per cage. In the second experiment, 1120 broiler chickens from 24 to 28 days of age were distributed in randomized blocks in a 10x2 factor arrangement, with nine full-fat soybeans (40% included) + a protein free diet (60%), without or with the addition of protease, totaling 20 treatments with 8 replicates and 7 birds per cage. Ileal digesta collection was used to determine the true digestibility coefficients and the digestible amino acid content of full-fat soybean. The average values of nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn) and their respective metabolization coefficients (CAMEn) were 3207 kcal/kg and 62.57%, respectively. The average values of digestibility coefficients of crude protein and essential and nonessential amino acids were 86.79, 87.90 and 84.34%, respectively. The inclusion of protease improved (P<0.05) all evaluated parameters. Therefore, its use is recommended in diets containing full-fat soybeans for broiler chickens.Index terms: Digestibility coefficients; metabolizability; monocomponent enzyme. RESUMOForam realizados dois experimentos para determinar os valores energéticos e os coeficientes de digestibilidade ileal verdadeiros de aminoácidos de nove sojas integrais tostadas, sem ou com a adição de protease monocomponente. No primeiro experimento, para a determinação dos valores energéticos, foi utilizado o método de coleta total de excretas, com 1120 pintos de corte com 14 dias de idade, distribuídos em blocos casualizados, em arranjo fatorial 10x2, com nove sojas integrais (30% de inclusão) + uma ração referência (70%), sem ou com adição de protease, totalizando 20 tratamentos, com 8 repetições e 7 aves por gaiola. No segundo experimento foram utilizados 1120 frangos dos 24 aos 28 dias de idade, distribuídos em blocos casualizados, em arranjo fatorial 10x2, com nove sojas integrais (40% de inclusão) + uma ração isenta de proteína (60%), sem ou com adição de protease, totalizando 20 tratamentos, com 8 repetições e 7 aves por gaiola. A coleta da digesta ileal foi utilizada para determinar os coeficientes de digestibilidade verdadeiros e o teor de aminoácidos digestíveis da soja integral. Os valores médios de energia metabolizável aparente corrigida para balanço de nitrogênio (EMAn) e o seu respectivo coeficiente de metabolizabilidade (CEMAn) foram de 3207 kcal/kg e 62,57%, respectivamente. Os valores médios dos coeficientes de digestibilidade da proteína bruta e dos aminoácidos, essenciais e não essen...
O experimento foi conduzido no Setor de Avicultura do Departamento de Zootecnia da Universidade Federal de Viçosa, a fim de avaliar os valores energéticos de alguns alimentos para frangos de corte. O experimento teve como objetivo determinar os valores de energia metabolizável aparente (EMA) e energia metabolizávelaparente corrigida pelo balanço de nitrogênio (EMAn), além da determinação da composição química dos alimentos. O método tradicional de coleta de excretas foi utilizado em frangos de corte, no período de 14 a 24 dias de idade. Os animais foram distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, sendo que cada tratamento contou com seis repetições de seis aves por unidade experimental. Cada alimento substituiu a ração referência nos níveis de 30 a 40%, de acordo com o tipo de alimento. As aves foram alojadas em baterias metálicas com bandejas para coleta de excretas. Os valores de EMAn (kcal/kg) com base na matéria natural dos alimentos energéticos foram: milheto inteiro, 3136 kcal/kg; milheto moído grosso, 3152 kcal/kg; milheto moído fino, 3170 kcal/kg; milho-1, 3247 kcal/kg; milho-2, 3368 kcal/kg; milho gelatinizado, 3029 kcal/kg; sorgo, 3221 kcal/kg; casca de soja, 913 kcal/kg; arroz parboilizado, 1774 kcal/kg e arroz integral, 2493 kcal/kg.
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