In the Americas, the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR) and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights (IACtHR) have established that the principle of equality and non-discrimination requires States to both ensure that migrants are not discriminated against on any of the protected grounds of the American Convention on Human Rights, as well as to take specific action to protect certain groups of migrants that are in a situation of vulnerability. Via a comparative quantitative analysis of the immigration and refugee laws, as well as implementing regulations, of 20 Latin American countries, we examine the extent of non-discrimination and special protection provided by the region’s migratory legislation. Our results reveal three main findings. First, more recent immigration and refugee laws tend to be more expansive, which reflects the period of migratory liberalisation in the region. Second, while non-discrimination clauses are more dominant in laws, special protection clauses are primarily present in implementing regulations. This suggests that countries see special protection as a tool to positive discrimination of particularly vulnerable groups. Third, although we identify an overall expansion on protection grounds, countries’ migratory laws mostly reflect traditional categories like: sex/gender; race/ethnicity/colour; nationality; economic/social condition; and religion. Overall, although laudable, the impact of these provisions on reversing structural discrimination from an intersectional approach remains questionable.
El presente trabajo contiene un estudio empírico de los estados de emergencia declarados en el Perú desde el gobierno de transición democrática en noviembre del 2000 hasta el 2018. Los autores encontraron, en primer lugar, que el uso de normas de emergencia ha venido aumentando a través del período estudiado. En ese sentido, la declaración de emergencia para controlar situaciones relativas al orden interno es una práctica normalizada del Estado peruano, donde las normas de emergencia son prorrogadas reiteradas veces y, en ocasiones, ciertas emergencias incluso han alcanzado un estado de cuasi-perpetuidad. Si bien la mayor cantidad de días en emergencia han tenido por objetivo a enfrentarse al “terrorismo”, el estudio muestra que en el Perú post-conflicto esta figura también ha sido utilizada consistentemente en situaciones de conflictividad social. Finalmente, el texto revela que el Estado peruano ha venido aplicando estándares de uso de la fuerza propios del Derecho Internacional Humanitario en aquellos estados de emergencia que delegan el control del orden interno a las Fuerzas Armadas, a pesar de que parece no haber suficientes
elementos para señalar que existe un conflicto armado.
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