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Cumulative shear wall overturning (CSWO) is a common response of structural models of multistory Light-Frame Timber Buildings (LFTBs) under lateral loads. Governed by holdown uplift and shear wall (SW) bending, large CSWO occurs in LFTBs due to the light self-weight of wood and the dominant rocking flexibility of stiff SWs. Even though CSWO is paramount in seismic design because of its effect on the flexibility of LFTBs (making hard to achieve the inter-story drift limits), this phenomenon is not incorporated into the structural models of LFTBs. For instance, in the design of LFTBs for lateral loads it is assumed that SWs behave as planar isolated elements. However, CSWO may be influenced by 3D coupling effects (3D-SWCE) in non-planar SWs such as T or L assemblies. This paper describes a large full-scale experiment of a 7.32 m x 5.1 m assembly, performed to gather insight into 3D-SWCEs through the cyclic evaluation of a non-planar T-shape SW. Results showed an asymmetric behaviour of the T-shape SW with increments of 20% and 98% in elastic stiffness and maximum capacity, respectively, with respect to those of a planar SW. It is concluded that 3D-SWCEs have a significant structural influence on the response of LFTBs.

In areas of high seismic activity it is important to provide Light Frame Timber Buildings (LFTBs) with enhanced levels of lateral stiffness and strength, as well as to prevent excessive levels of non-structural (NSC) damage. Chilean wood-frame shear walls are usually sheathed at both sides with OSB and covered by one/two-ply type X gypsum wallboard (GWB) fastened to the frame with narrow patterns of nails or screws. The result is a multi-layered strong shear wall (MLSSW), which is not considered as such by design codes and mechanical models. The objective of this paper is to report an experimental evaluation of typical Chilean MLSSWs, with emphasis on the influence of NSCs. Connectionlevel and assembly-level of 1:1 aspect ratio shear walls were evaluated through experimental tests. Results showed increments of 53% and 160% in elastic stiffness and maximum capacity, respectively, while keeping virtually the same deformation capacity and energy dissipation of equivalent bare (non-GWB finished) shear walls. It is postulated that such increases may arise from the high embedment strength of the GWB, and that the deeply screwed GWB may prevent nails from pulling out during hysteresis cycles. It is concluded that GWBs have a significant structural influence on MLSSWs, and such influence should be taken into account in structural design.

ResumenEn Chile, la actividad política dirigida a los Pueblos Originarios actúa tibiamente considerando sus especificidades, y escasamente reconoce sus particularidades político-culturales. Esto origina una tensión entre las demandas por el reconocimiento de la diversidad, en contraste con el resguardo del bien común, ciego a la diferencia. Hoy un tercio de la población mapuche reside en la ciudad de Santiago, lo que complejiza el origen y el fin de las demandas por el reconocimiento político y platea preguntas sobre la reconfiguración de las identidades en un contexto dinámico y heterogéneo, alejado de los territorios históricamente reivindicados. A través de una metodología cualitativa se obtuvieron datos que dan cuenta de un escenario urbano en el que se transita desde las reivindicaciones históricas difundidas por los movimientos mapuche, hacia discursos que manifiestan las particularidades de la vida en la capital. Estas demandas políticas buscan espacios de libre determinación, autonomía o representación para asegurar la supervivencia de su cultura; y sostienen expectativas que plantean la necesidad de que el Estado y los gobiernos locales modifiquen las condiciones que hoy invisibilizan sus particularidades y les impiden incidir en la vida política nacional y local. Palabras clave: Pueblo mapuche; mapuche urbano; reconocimiento político; demandas políticas; autonomía; libre determinación; representación política. Political Recognition through the Mapuche in Santiago AbstractIn Chile, political activity is half-hearted when aimed at indigenous peoples in regards with their specificity, and it scarcely recognizes their specific political and cultural features. This creates tension between the demands for the recognition of diversity, in contrast with the protection of the common good, blind to the difference. Today, a third of the Mapuche population lives in Santiago, making the origin and aim of the demands for political recognition more complex, posing questions regarding the reconfiguration of identities in a dynamic and heterogeneous context which is cut off from the territories that have been historically reclaimed. Data was obtained through qualitative and inductive methodology. The results show an urban setting where there is a shift from the historical demands disseminated by the Mapuche movements towards discourses that demonstrate the distinctive features of life in the capital of Chile. These political demands seek self-determined, autonomous or representative space to guarantee the survival of 1 Este artículo contó con el apoyo del Centro Interdisciplinario de Estudios Interculturales e Indígenas (ICIIS).