Since 1990s the bloom of industrialization and urbanization brings the changes of social and economic issue of Vietnam rural areas. During this process, rural households have reduced agricultural land for cultivating. From the status of food producers now they become food consumers. Through surveying 215 households in Bac Ninh province, the study shows that that industrialization and land conversion process affected household food security in several aspects: the lost of agricultural land and surplus agricultural production decrease; unguaranteed decent work for peasants and high living cost; the decline of living quality and food safety. Food consumption of the family has shifted from self-reliance to the way that more depend on market which increases food expense propotion on household budget. However, spending more on food does not mean satisfied since the suspiciousness of food quality. Household food security becomes more vulnerable, especially for households that have limited access to land and incapability of finding stable jobs. One of the strategies of rural households is diversify their livelihoods, accepted multi-spacial household model. And when income from nonfarm jobs could relatively supply enough their need of cash, they would rather consume high quality food than grow and sell high yielding variable. Rural households move back to the local traditional agricultural activities to ensure their own food quality.

The pyridinedicarboxylate-Tb(III) complexes, TbPDC and Tb(PDC)3, as luminescent probes for ATP monitoring have been conveniently prepared and characterized by FT-IR, 1H-NMR, ESI-MS, UV-Vis, excitation, and emission spectroscopy. Interestingly, these two Tb(III) complexes were quenched by ATP by a similar mechanism via π-π stacking interaction between the chelating ligand and adenine moiety. The ability of luminescent probes applied for the determination of ATP in aqueous solution has been investigated. The dynamic ranges for the quantification of ATP are within 10−90 μM and 10−100 μM with detection limits of 7.62 and 11.20 μM for TbPDC and Tb(PDC)3, respectively. The results demonstrated that these luminescent probes would be a potential candidate assay for ATP monitoring in hygiene assessment.

Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) is a promising heterogeneous photocatalyst in the visible range. It can be used, among others, for reductive conversion of the toxic hexavalent chromium occurring in various wastewaters. Its photocatalytic efficiency, however, has to be improved, which can be realized by modification with different dopants or co-catalysts forming heterojunctions. In our work, ruthenium-modified g-C3N4 has been prepared by ultrasonic impregnation of the pristine g-C3N4, which was synthesized from thiourea. The morphology, microstructure, and optical properties of the photocatalysts were characterized by XRD, SEM, FT-IR, TEM, XPS, and DRS. Their compositions were analyzed by EDS and XPS measurements, indicating 0.5% and 1.4% Ru, due to the different penetrating depths. XPS study showed mainly +2 for the oxidation state of Ru. DRS analysis indicated a slight change in both the CB (from −1.14 to −1.22 eV) and the VB (from 1.49 to 1.56 eV) energies of Ru/g-C3N4, compared to those of g-C3N4. The photocatalytic Cr(VI) reduction efficacy increased from 50.1 to 96.8%. Low pH (=2) was preferred for the photocatalytic Cr(VI) reduction due to the favorable surface charge and E(Cr(VI)/Cr(III)) redox potential. Ru modification proved to be promising for improving the photocatalytic performance of g-C3N4.