Sago, tapioca starch, is manufactured by over 800 small-scale units located in the Salem district of the State of Tamilnadu, South India. These units generate large quantities of high-strength wastewater requiring elaborate treatment prior to disposal. The present study is an attempt to treat the sago wastewater using a hybrid reactor, which combines the advantages of both fixed-film and up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket systems. A hybrid reactor with a volume of 5.9 L was operated at organic loading rates varying from 10.4 to 24.6 kg COD/m3d. After 120 d of start-up, an appreciable decrease in COD and efficient removal of solids were evident. The COD removal varied from 91 to 83%. While the removal of total solids was in the range of 56 to 63%, that of volatile solids varied from 67 to 72%. The methane production during the study period was in the range of 0.11 to 0.14 L CH4/g COD-d and the percentage was from 55 to 67%. The ideal organic loading rate (OLR) was determined on the basis of tolerance of the reactor towards higher organic loading rate and it was found to be 23.4 kg COD/m3d. The findings of the study open new possibilities for the design of low-cost and compact on-site treatment systems with very short retention periods.

Sago industry is one of the major small-scale sectors in India and over 800 units are located in the southern State of Tamilnadu. Processing of sago generates enormous quantities of high strength wastewater requiring systematic treatment prior to disposal. The present study is an attempt to treat the sago wastewater using Hybrid Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (HUASB) reactor, which offers the advantages of both fixed film and up flow anaerobic sludge blanket treatment. HUASB reactor with a volume of 5.6 L was operated at Organic Loading Rates varying from 10.7 to 24.7 kg COD/m 3 .day. After 130 days of startup, the reactor produced appreciable decrease in COD of wastewater and removed solids efficiently. The COD removal varied from 91-87%. While the removal of Total Solids was in the range of 61-57%, that of volatile solids varied from 70-67%. The ideal OLR for the reactor was 23.5 kg COD/m 3 .day. The findings of the study open up newer possibilities of design low cost and compact onsite treatment systems with very short retention periods.

Die numerische Strömungssimulation (Computational Fluid Dynamics: CFD) etabliert sich zunehmend als Werkzeug zur Analyse und Auslegung in der chemischen Industrie. Aus Sicht der CFD‐Anwender der chemischen Großindustrie werden exemplarisch CFD‐Projekte aus verschiedenen Bereichen vorgestellt. Diese Bereiche sind einer Prozesskette nachempfunden: Transportieren, Mischen, Reagieren und Trennen von Stoffen. Es werden aus verfahrenstechnischer Sicht die wichtigsten Stufen und Entscheidungen bei dem Einsatz dieses Werkzeuges geschildert. Der Beitrag möchte Verständnis für die Möglichkeiten und Chancen, aber auch die Grenzen der numerischen Strömungssimulation vermitteln.

Two ‘Water Fountain Solar Photocatalytic Reactors’ of trapezoidal and circular configurations were developed and the influence of flow rate on solar photocatalytic decolorization of simulated textile dyeing rinse wastewaters was studied in the range of 1.5L h

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