While the association of hypoxia has been established in various types of solid cancers, little is known about its presence and existence in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) in DLBCL and to analyze the association of these factors with several clinical and pathological characteristics. The immunohistochemical protein expression of HIF-1α and VEGF-A was investigated in 34 de novo DLBCL tumor samples from January 2017 to December 2017 from the Department of Hematology/Medical Oncology and Anatomical Pathology at Dr Kariadi Hospital (Semarang, Indonesia). The present study revealed by using immunohistochemistry (IHC), that hypoxic markers were overexpressed (88.2% for both HIF-1α and VEGF-A) in the vast majority of patients with DLBCL. Only in 4 tumors, was HIF-1α expression normal, and interestingly VEGF-A was negative as well. There was a significant correlation in the intensity of staining of HIF-1α and VEGF-A using our custom scoring system in surgically resected tissues (r=0.475; P=0.005). Both HIF-1α and VEGF-A were also associated to serum LDH and tumor diameter. Collectively, HIF-1α and VEGF-A were predominantly expressed in the majority of DLBCL tumor cells. The findings of the present study indicate the existence of hypoxia in DLBCL tumors similar to numerous solid cancers, and thus warrants further investigation to clarify its role as a potential pathogenic or prognostic marker in this type of hematological cancer.

Background:Primary amenorrhea may result from congenital abnormalities in the development of the gonads, genital tract, or external genitalia or from a disturbance within the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis. Gonadal dysgenesis is a disorder of sex development in which the diagnosis is based on the histology of gonads and is the main cause of primary amenorrhea. Optimal protocol of management for phenotypic female with 46, XY gonadal dysgenesis involves prophylactic gonadectomy at diagnosis.Case Presentation: The patient was referred to our hospital at the age of 15 years old for primary amenorrhea. She was obese with no secondary sex sign. Gynecologic examination revealed a normal vagina and clitoris. Rectal Toucher examination revealed no internal genitalia structure. The laboratory data: FSH levels was above normal range, LH and testosterone levels were within normal range. Pelvic Ultrasonography uterus and vaginal structure and testis were not visualized. Cytogenetic and ARgene analysis found a 46, XY karyotype and no pathogenic variants. On laparoscopy, Mullerian structure and Wolffian remnant structure were identified and biopsies were performed. Based on histopathological examination and immunohistochemical markers of the right and left gonad showed the impression of Malignant Mixed Germ Cell-Sex Cord Stromal Tumor. SRY gene examination was positive.Examination of other DSD gene analysis has not been done. Second laparoscopy for gonadectomy and removal of Mullerian and Wolfiian remnant structure were performed. Conclusion:Chromosomal analysis should become the first line testing in primary amenorrhea followed by advanced molecular test. Multidisciplinary managements recommended for DSD cases.

Invasive breast carcinoma berdasarkan gene profiling dibagi menjadi beberapa subtipe.Salah satunya adalah Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC). TNBC sering menginvasi stroma ataupun bermetastasis ke KGB aksila yang berpengaruh terhadap rekurensi dan kematiandisebabkan karena hilangnya adhesi sel yang satu terhadap yang lain dan transisi dari epitelial menjadi mesenkim ( Epithelial–mesenchymal transition/EMT). Adhesi antar sel diatur oleh dua jenis junction yaitu adherens juntion dan tight junction.Protein transmembran pada adheren junction yang disebut dengan E-cadherin. Berdasarkan berbagai studi terdapat korelasi antara berkurangnya kadar ekspresi E-cadherin dengan derajat histologi tumor, metastasis KGB dan stadium klinik tapiadapula hasil penelitian yang menunjukkan korelasi lemah atau tidak menunjukkan korelasi antara kadar ekspresi E-cadherin dengan prognosis kanker payudara. Sedangkan bagi TNBC, hanya sedikit yang diketahui mengenai kadar ekspresi E-cadherin. Mengetahui hubungan ekspresi E-cadherin status metastasis KGB, usia, ukuran tumor dan jumlah KGB yang terlibat pada TNBC di RSUP dr.Kariadi semarang. Penelitian ini merupakan studi analitik observasional dengan pendekatan potong lintang (cross sectional). Bahan yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah blok parafin dari pasien  di RSUP dr. Kariadi yang telah didiagnosis TNBC dengan status biomarker sebagai berikut ER (-) negatif, PR (-) negatif dan HER-2  (-) negatif. Pada penelitian ini didapatkan sebanyak 30 buah blok parafin dari karsinoma payudara invasive tipe TNBC, berdasarkan rumus sampling yang digunakan. Sampel yang dipilih sudah sesuai dengan kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi yang memiliki data blok parafin yang lengkap dan massa tumor adekuat untuk dilakukan pemeriksaan imunohistokimia E-Cadherin. Pembacaan slide penelitian dilakukan oleh dokter spesialis patologi anatomi.Hubungan antar variabel dianalisis dengan uji korelasi Pearson. Data ekspresi E-Cadherin pada TNBC  pada penelitian ini ekspresi positif sedang berjumlah 2 orang (6,7%) dan ekspresi positif kuat  berjumlah 28 orang (93,3%). Tidak terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara Ekpresi E-Cadherian dengan status metastasis KGB (p=0,153, p>0,05). Tidak terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara Ekspresi E-Cadherin dengan usia penderita (p=0,457, p>0,05). Tidak terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara Ekspresi E-Cadherin dengan ukuran tumor (p=0,153, p>0,05). Tidak terdapat hubungan ekspresi E-Cadherin dengan jumlah KGB yang terlibat (p=0,355, p>0,05).Tingkat ekspresi E-Cadherin pada penderita TNBC sebagian besar positif kuat. Ekspresi E-Cadherin tidak berhubungan dengan status metastasis KGB pada TNBC.Ekspresi E-Cadherin tidak berhubungan dengan usia pasien pada TNBC. Ekspresi E-Cadherin tidak berhubungan dengan ukuran tumor pada TNBC. Ekspresi E-Cadherin tidak berhubungan dengan jumlah KGB yang terlibat pada TNBC.

Undifferentiated carcinoma is a subtype of NPC with a higher EBV antibody titer than healthy people. The carcinogenic effect of EBV involves LMP-1 associated with poor prognosis, and mutant p53 predicts tumor recurrence. This study aims to assess the effect of LMP-1 and mutant p53 on the prognosis of NPC patients. 40 paraffin blocks were stained with LMP-1 and p53 mutant. LMP-1 was positive when the cytoplasm and tumor cell membranes were brown, and mutant p53 was positive for the brown tumor cell nucleus. Pearson correlation test was performed. Most respondents were in the age group 40 years, males, regional lymph node involvement (N) in group N1, and no metastasis (M). The expression levels of LMP-1 and mutant p53 were strongly positive. The study showed the correlation between LMP-1 with age (p 0.327), gender (p 0.599), category N (p 0.512), category M (p 0.019) and the correlation between mutant p53 with age (p 0.329), gender (p 0.981), category N (p 0.013), category M (p 0.705). LMP-1 expression with mutant p53 (p 0.760). It can be concluded that LMP-1 and mutant p53 could be used as prognostic factors in NPC patients.