The objective of this study was to produce a frozen yogurt containing low fat and no added sugar. Samples containing 5% polydextrose, 0.065% aspartame and acesulfame-K mixture, and different levels of inulin and isomalt (5.0, 6.5, and 8.0%) were produced at pilot scale and analyzed for their physical and chemical properties including proximate composition, viscosity, acidity, overrun, melting rate, heat shock stability, as well as sensory characteristics, and viability of lactic acid bacteria. With the addition of inulin and isomalt, viscosity increased by 19 to 52% compared with that of sample B (reduced-fat control). The average calorie values of samples substituted with sweeteners were about 43% lower than that of original sample. Low-calorie frozen yogurt samples melted about 33 to 48% slower than the reduced-fat control sample at 45 min. Based on quantitative descriptive profile test results, statistically significant differences among products were observed for hardness, iciness, foamy melting, whey separation, and sweetness characteristics. The results of principal component analysis showed that the sensory properties of the sample containing 6.5% inulin and 6.5% isomalt were similar to those of control. Lactic acid bacteria counts of frozen yogurt were found to be between 8.12 and 8.49 log values, 3 mo after the production. The overall results showed that it is possible to produce an attractive frozen yogurt product with the incorporation of inulin and isomalt with no added sugar and reduced fat.
Gelatin origin determination has been a crucial issue with respect to religion and health concerns. It is necessary to analyze the origin of gelatin with reliable methods to ensure not only consumer choices but also safety and legal requirements such as labeling. There are many analytical methods developed for detection and/or quantification of gelatin from different sources including bovine, porcine and piscine. These analytical methods can be divided into physicochemical, chromatographic, immunochemical, spectroscopic and molecular methods. Moreover, computational methods have been used in some cases consecutively to ensure sensitivity of the analytical methods. Every method has different advantages and limitations due to their own principles, applied food matrix and process conditions of material. The present review intends to give insight into novel analytical methods and perspectives that have been developed to differentiate porcine, bovine and piscine gelatins and to establish their authenticity. Almost every method can be succeeded in origin determination; however, it is a matter of sensitivity in that some researches fail to ensure sufficient differentiation. IntroductionGelatin is a water soluble protein obtained by hydrolysis of collagen to several high molecular weight polypeptides. While the main component of the gelatin is protein (85-92%), it also contains mineral salts and moisture (Baziwane and He, 2003;Schrieber and Gareis, 2007). Gelatin has a great importance in pharmaceutical, cosmetic and especially food industry with its well-known functional properties such as gel formation in jellies, foam formation and stabilization in ice cream, emulsion stabilization in meat products, syneresis stabilization in yogurt (Nhari et al., 2012). Gelatin was produced approximately 326.000 metric tons in 2008 worldwide, and it is estimated to be consumed 395.840 metric tons by the year of 2017 according to Global Industry Analysts, Inc. which is one of the largest and reputed market research companies (Anonymous, 2016).The raw materials used in gelatin production are mainly from bovine and porcine sources: 80% from pig skin, 15% from cattle hide split, the remaining 5 % from bones, fish and other sources (GME, 2016). Gelatin origin determination has been a matter of paramount importance for Muslims, Hindus, Jews, vegetarians and vegans, in that, in Islam and Judaism, porcine derivatives are prohibited to consume, whereas in Hinduism, cow can neither be slaughtered nor consumed. Vegetarians and vegans prefer to eat animal-free foods (Boran et al., 2010;Nhari et al., 2012). Moreover, bovine gelatin has been restricted for human consumption due to Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) outbreak in 1986 in England and other countries (Venien and Levieux, 2005). Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the origin of gelatin with a reliable method. As far as it is concerned; physiochemical, chromatographic, immunochemical, spectroscopic and molecular methods have been developed to determine and differentiate gelatin o...
Son yıllarda hububat ürünlerinin insan sağlığı için temel gıda maddeleri olmalarının çok ötesinde faydalar sağladığı anlaşılmıştır. Tüketimi buğdaya göre daha düşük olan yulaf (Avena sativa L.) son zamanlarda, antioksidan, anti-enflamatuar, hipoalerjenik ve antikarsinojenik özellikleriyle dikkat çekmektedir. Ekmek, en önemli hububat ürünü olmasının yanında, farklı hammaddelerin kullanımına uygun yapısı ile fonksiyonel bileşenlerin en fazla kullanım bulduğu ürünlerdendir. Bu çalışmada; ekmeklik buğday ununa %40 gibi yüksek bir oranda yulaf unu katılarak ekmek üretilmiştir. Üretimdeki yoğurma, fermentasyon ve pişirme aşamalarının fenolik bileşiklere ve antioksidan aktivite üzerine etkilerinin ve bu bileşiklerin bu işlemler sırasında ne derece korunduğunun belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre; toplam fenolik madde miktarının, yulaf ekmeğinde kontrol buğday ekmeğine göre önemli düzeyde yüksek olduğu belirlenmiştir (sırasıyla 53.9 ±7.3 ve 41.0 ±3.4 mg GAE/100g KM, p<0.05). Her iki ekmek çeşidinde de, fermentasyon işleminin fenolik bileşik içeriğini arttırdığı, pişirme işleminin ise düşürdüğü görülmüştür. Pişirme sonrasında yulaf ekmeğindeki toplam flavonoid miktarı (529.9 ±114.7 mg RE/100g KM) kontrol ekmeğine göre daha yüksektir (452.9 ±74.3 mg RE/100g KM). Antioksidan aktivite sonuçlarına göre ise söz konusu iki ekmek arasındaki fark önemli düzeyde bulunmamıştır (p>0.05).
ÖZBu çalışmada, kırmızı ve yeşil mercimeklerin içerdikleri diyet liflerinin taneden izole edilmesi ve mercimek diyet liflerinin gıda ürünlerinde fonksiyonel bileşen olarak kullanılabilirliğinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Mercimekteki diyet liflerini (kabuk diyet lifleri, çözünür olmayan kotiledon diyet lifleri ve çözünür kotiledon diyet liflerini) elde etmek üzere üç farklı yöntem uygulanmıştır. Elde edilen liflerin kompozisyonu ve verimi yanı sıra su tutma kapasitesi, yağ tutma kapasitesi, emülsiyon oluşturma kapasitesi ve şişme kapasitesi gibi fonksiyonel özellikleri araştırılmıştır. Ayrıca, elde edilen liflerin termal özellikleri de Diferansiyel Taramalı Kalorimetre (DSC) cihazı ile belirlenmiştir. Yeşil mercimek ununun %6.83'ü kabuk diyet lifi, %1.78'i çözünür olmayan kotiledon diyet lifi, %8.00'i ise çözünür kotiledon diyet lifi olarak izole edilmiştir. Kırmızı mercimek ununun ise %5.16'sı kabuk diyet lifi, %0.62'si çözünür olmayan kotiledon diyet lifi, %7.08'i çözünür kotiledon diyet lifi olarak izole edilmiştir. Kotiledon unundan çözünür olmayan diyet lifi eldesinin kırmızı mercimekte yeşil mercimeğe göre daha düşük verimli olduğu görülmüştür. Yeşil mercimekten elde edilen liflerde toplam diyet lifi içerikleri; kabuk lifleri, çözünür kotiledon diyet lifleri ve çözünür olmayan kotiledon diyet lifleri için sırasıyla; %23.76, 11.51 ve 72.81 olarak bulunmuştur. Kırmızı mercimek için ise sırasıyla; %20.30, 11.06 ve 43.68 olarak elde edilmiştir. Diyet liflerinin fonksiyonel özellikleri incelendiğinde, çözünür olmayan kotiledon diyet liflerinin diğer izole diyet liflerine kıyasla daha yüksek su tutma, yağ tutma ve şişme kapasitesi gösterdiği belirlenmiştir. Emülsiyon oluşturma kapasiteleri mercimek diyet lifleri için genel olarak zayıf bulunmuştur, ancak çözünür kotiledon diyet liflerinin emülsiyon oluşturma kapasitelerinin çözünür olmayan kotiledon diyet lifleri ve kabuk diyet liflerine kıyasla daha yüksek olduğu görülmüştür.Anahtar Kelimeler: Mercimek, Diyet lifi, İzolasyon, Fonksiyonel özellik, Karakterizasyon Characterization and Functional Properties of Dietary Fibers Isolated from Red and Green Lentils ABSTRACTIn this study, dietary fiber fractions of red and green lentils were isolated, and their potential uses in food products as functional ingredients were determined. During the isolation of dietary fiber fractions, three different methods were used, and three different dietary fiber fractions (hull fiber, insoluble cotyledon fiber and soluble cotyledon fiber) were obtained. Besides the composition and yield of the isolated fibers, their functional properties such as water holding capacity, oil holding capacity, emulsion formation ability and swelling power were also determined. On the other hand, thermal properties of the isolated fibers were determined by the DSC method. From green lentil flour, 6.83% hull fiber, 1.78% insoluble cotyledon fiber and 8.00% soluble cotyledon fiber were obtained while 5.16%, hull fiber, 0.62% insoluble cotyledon fiber and 7.08% soluble cotyledon fiber were isolated from ...
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