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Abstract Introduction The data of the Turkish Esophageal Atresia Registry (TEAR) was evaluated to define the outcome of very low birth weight (VLBW) and low BW (LWB) infants with esophageal atresia (EA). Materials and Methods The data registered by 24 centers between 2014 and 2018 were evaluated for demographic features, prenatal findings, associated anomalies, surgical treatment, and outcome. Patients were enrolled in three groups according to their BWs (VLBW <1,500 g), LWB = 1,500–2,500 g), and normal BW (NBW; >2,500 g). Results Among the 389 cases, there were 37 patients (9.5%) in the VLBW group, 165 patients (42.4%) in the LBW group, and 187 patients (48.1%) in the NBW group. Prenatal diagnosis rates were similar among the three groups (29.7, 34.5, and 24.6%, respectively). The standard primary anastomosis was achieved at a significantly higher rate in NWB cases than in the other groups (p < 0.05). In patients with tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF), patients of the NBW group had significantly higher rates of full oral feedings, when compared with VLBW and LBW cases (p < 0.05). At the end of the first year, when we evaluate all patients, the number of cases with fistula recanalization and esophageal anastomotic strictures (AS) requiring esophageal dilatation was similar among the groups. The weight and height measurements at 6 months and 1 year of age of the survivors were similar in all the groups. The overall mortality rate was significantly higher in the VLBW and LBW groups, when compared with the NBW patients, even in patients with tension-free anastomosis (p < 0.05). The incidence of the associated anomalies was 90.6% in cases with mortality, which was significantly higher than in survivors (59.6%; p < 0.05). According to Spitz's classification, the survival rate was 87.1% in class I, 55.3% in class II, and 16.7% in class III. The most common causes of mortality were associated with cardiovascular diseases, pneumonia, and sepsis. Conclusion The national data of TEAR demonstrates that the developmental and feeding parameters are better in NBW patients. Although VLBW patients have higher risk of developing fistula canalization than the LBW and NBW groups, long-term complications, such as anastomotic strictures, weight, and height values, after 1 year are similar in both groups. According to our results, associated anomalies and LBWs are still significant risk factors for mortality in cases with EA.

This study was conducted to compare the effects of dietary clinoptilolite on nutrient digestibility and relative organ weights in rats. In this study, 24 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 4 groups with 3 replicates, according to a randomized split plots design. In addition to a control group (0% clinoptilolit), 3 levels of clinoptilolite (2%, 4%, and 6%) were used in the diets, and the rats were fed (individually in cages) these diets for 56 days. Statistically significant differences were found among the groups for the digestibility rates of nutrients (P<0.05), except for crude fibre (CF) and acid detergent fibre (ADF). The addition of clinoptilolite in rats' feeds reduced the digestibility of crude fibre, crude ash (CA), neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and acid detergent fibre (ADF), but increased the digestibility of other nutrients. Slaughter live, organs (liver, kidney, heart, and stomach) and relative organ weights were not affected significantly by the clinoptilolite contents (P>0.05). In conclusion, clinoptilolites can be used in animal feed as natural toxin binders when stored under suitable conditions.

ÖZET: İnsan ve hayvan beslemede protein, günlük hayatta ihtiyaç duyulan en önemli besin maddelerinden birisidir. Protein üretimi hem emek yoğun ve hem de maliyeti yüksek bir işlemdir. Ekonomisi nispeten zayıf olan gelişmekte olan ülkelerde yetersiz ve dengesiz beslenmeye bağlı sağlık problemleri, hızla artan nüfusla birlikte daha da şiddetlenmektedir. Özellikle biyolojik değeri yüksek olan hayvansal protein üretiminde doğal kaynakların (su, gübre, yem vb.) aşırı tüketimine ilave olarak, üretim maliyeti de yüksektir. İnsan ve tek mideli hayvanlar (kanatlı kümes hayvanları, domuz, pet hayvanları, etçil kürk hayvanları ve balıklar) esansiyel amino asitleri bakımından hayvansal proteinlere bağımlıdırlar. Hayvansal kaynaklara yakın düzeyde protein içeren alternatif protein kaynaklarının gıda ve yemlerde kullanımıyla ilgili çalışmalar uzun süreden beri yapılmaktadır. Bakteri, maya, su yosunu ve mantarlar gibi mikrobiyel canlılar, tarımsal ve endüstriyel atıkları karbon kaynağı olarak kullanarak oldukça kaliteli proteine dönüştürebilmektedirler.Anahtar Kelimeler: Alg, bakteri, amino asidi, mantar, maya, tek hücre proteini. ABSTRACT:Protein is the highest costed nutrients in human food and animal feeds. Protein production is required labour intensified and highly costed process. In under developed countries, unbalanced and malnutrition problems are common, because of higher population growth. Especially, in animal originated, higher biologic valued protein production is getting expensive because of exces natural sources using (water, manure, feed etc.) Monogastric animals (pig, fish, poultry and pet animals) and humans are dependent on essential amino acids. These limited amino acids are abundant in animal proteins. For a long time, reserchers are seeking alternative protein sources for food and feed. Some microorganisms just like bacteria, yeast, algae and fungi can use some agriculturel and industrial wastes as row materials for good quality single cell protein production.