Intravenous patient-controlled tramadol is an alternative to patient-controlled morphine for postoperative pain relief in children after tonsillectomy. Morphine gave better postoperative pain relief, but was associated with a higher incidence of nausea than tramadol.

Refugees presented to ICUs with CA infections similar to the host populations (pneumonia and urinary-tract infections) but had high mortality rates (59.5%). It seems that Turkish ICUs were not congested with the refugee patients' influx for CA infections. More research needs to be done to better understand how to deliver preventative and timely health care services to this group of patients.

Background/aim: The modified Yale Preoperative Anxiety Scale (m-YPAS) is widely used to measure children?s anxiety level. The aim of this study was to translate the Turkish version of the m-YPAS and test its validity and reliability based on Turkish children. Materials and methods: The English version of the m-YPAS was translated into Turkish using the forward-back-forward translation technique. This study enrolled 120 children. The m-YPAS was performed on 120 children who were recorded on video. The State- Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children (STAIC) was used for only 30 of 120 children. The videotapes were evaluated by two experienced observers [an anesthesiologist, ObA(an) and psychologist, ObB(ps)]. The interrater reliability, concurrent validity, sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values were analyzed. Results: The mean age of children was 7.8 ± 2.2 years in the study. The weighted kappa values of the m-YPAS between observers were in `substantial? agreement (?w = 0.74-0.80) and `almost perfect? agreement (?w = 0.84 - 0.85). Also, Cronbach?s alpha values were high [? = 0.85 for ObA(an) and ? = 0.86 for ObB(ps)]. The correlation between m-YPAS and STAIC showed `good? agreement (P < 0.05). The sensitivity and specificity were high, and the predictive value was 92.86%. Conclusion: The Turkish version of the m-YPAS can be performed as a reliable and valid observational questionnaire for Turkish children. Key words: Anxiety, Validation studies, Pediatrics.

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