The present research aims to describe the measurement of the changes in air pollutants like black carbon (BC), PM2.5 and CO concentrations levels, and estimation of their source apportionment and health risk during normal period (NP) as well as lockdown period (LP) in Jamshedpur city. In India, almost all anthropogenic activities are prohibited after announcement of lockdown on 25th March 2020 due to pandemic of COVID-19. The urban atmospheric pollutants mostly BC, PM2.5 and CO concentrations were observed gradual fall during LP. The averaged mass concentration of BC, PM2.5 and CO was found about 38.46 ± 1.91 µgm− 3, 176.55 ± 21.72 µgm− 3, 840 ± 282 ppbv in NP and 9.68 ± 2.36 µgm− 3, 42.86 ± 18.97 µgm− 3, 175.88 ± 121.82 ppbv during LP respectively. It was observed that during LP, the BC, PM2.5 and CO concentrations were too much low as compared to NP. This may be because of prohibited of all human activities due to COVID-19 pandemic. The source apportionment analysis of BC indicated that the biomass burning (62.5%) contribution was high as compared to fossil fuel emission (37.5%) at LP. The air trajectory model showed that most of the air masses were coming from western part of India and also some fresh marine air masses were received at the located position. The health risk for respective health effects of CVM, LC, LBW, and PLEDSC due to exposure to BC was evaluated as 9.76, 4.8, 8.59 and 19.59 PSC in NP and 8.35, 4.1, 7.35 and 16.77 PSC in LP.

Waste management is the main concern of most cities in developing countries. The proper procedure is needed to reduce Municipal solid waste, that’s why burning is the cheaper way to decrease solid waste. The main aim of this study is to assess the concentration of Black Carbon and PM2.5 during the MSW burning sites in Jamshedpur. The continuous measurement was taken during the burning period in three phases at Industrial, Urban, and Rural waste burning sites having respective average BC concentrations observed as 145 ± 46, 101 ± 33 & 95 ± 33 μg m-3, and PM2.5 as 1391 ± 358, 998 ± 319, 957 ± 313 μg m-3. BC and PM2.5 concentrations show significant diurnal variations with maximum average concentration at the midnight phase due to large temperature fluctuation (lower mixed layer height) in the atmosphere. This evaluation during burning period exceeds regular day estimates by around 5-6 times. The rate distinction of BC by the Aethalometer model indicates that source apportionment of BC is more sensitive in assessing BCBB with an average fraction of 82 % at 880 nm because waste trash burn in the dump yard was mostly solid. Pearson correlation analysis shows strong correlations between BC and PM2.5 concentration that is primarily attributable to well-known nearby sources such as vehicular emissions.

Waste management is the main concern of most cities in developing countries. The proper procedure is needed to reduce Municipal solid waste, that's why burning is the cheaper way to decrease solid waste. The main aim of this study is to assess the concentration of Black Carbon and PM 2.5 during the MSW burning sites in Jamshedpur. The continuous measurement was taken during the burning period in three phases at Industrial, Urban, and Rural waste burning sites having respective average BC concentrations observed as 145 ± 46, 101 ± 33 & 95 ± 33 μg m -3, and PM 2.5 as 1391 ± 358, 998 ± 319, 957 ± 313 μg m -3 . BC and PM 2.5 concentrations show signi cant diurnal variations with maximum average concentration at the midnight phase due to large temperature uctuation (lower mixed layer height) in the atmosphere. This evaluation during burning period exceeds regular day estimates by around 5-6 times. The rate distinction of BC by the Aethalometer model indicates that source apportionment of BC is more sensitive in assessing BC BB with an average fraction of 82 % at 880 nm because waste trash burn in the dump yard was mostly solid. Pearson correlation analysis shows strong correlations between BC and PM 2.5 concentration that is primarily attributable to well-known nearby sources such as vehicular emissions.

Real-time black carbon (BC) and fine particulate matter (PM) were collected from January to December 2017 with a portable Aethalometer and air sampler in the urban environment of Jamshedpur, India. In the present study, the diurnal and seasonal variations of BC and meteorological variables were analysed. The diurnal variation of BC ranged from 2.1 to 15.5 gm-3, with the lowest concentration during the monsoon season and the highest during the winter season, because in monsoon most of the BC and PM are settled down. The annual mean BC mass concentration was observed at 6.22 ± 3.95 µgm−3. While, fine PM2.5 varied from 41.6 to 260.3 µgm-3, with an annual mean of 97.49 ± 63.52 µgm−3. During monsoon, the BC mass concentration shows a value of ˂ 3 µgm−3. Additionally, the percentage contribution of BC in PM2.5 was determined to be around 5.06% (winter), 6.32% (summer), 5.20% (monsoon), and 7.21% (post-monsoon). The change in BC concerning different meteorological parameters was systematically studied, in which an exciting inverse relationship was noticed between BC concentration and temperature. The correlation between BC and wind speed was also established as a negative connection during study periods. It also observed a negative correlation with precipitation. Finally, the air back trajectory was analysed using the Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT), which revealed that the essential campaign of aerosol-bounded air parcels was mostly coming from the western part of India, with some marine air masses also joining from the Bay of Bengal during summer and post-monsoon. Overall study shows that highest BC and PM2.5 was observed in the winter season because of mixed layer height (MLH).

The present research aims to describe the measurement of the changes in air pollutants like black carbon (BC), PM 2.5 and CO concentrations levels, and estimation of their source apportionment and health risk during normal period (NP) as well as lockdown period (LP) in Jamshedpur city. In India, almost all anthropogenic activities are prohibited after announcement of lockdown on 25th March 2020 due to pandemic of COVID-19. The urban atmospheric pollutants mostly BC, PM 2.5 and CO concentrations were observed gradual fall during LP. The averaged mass concentration of BC,