Chemical modification of alginic acid has been done by ultrasonic irradiation to obtain its methylated, ethylated and isopropylated derivatives. The influence of ultrasonic frequency and power on esterification process of alginic acid has been investigated. Alginate derivatives have been characterized by degree of esterification (DE) and IR-FT spectroscopy. It has been found that 45 kHz ultrasonic frequency accelerated modification process as reduced the reaction time from 16 hours to 2 hours. The obtained results showed that ultrasound irradiation increased the reaction efficiency in methanol and depended on the ratio of the M/G.

This paper treats the stability of two superposed gravitating streams rotating about the axis transverse to the horizontal magnetic field. The critical wave number for instability is found to be affected by rotation for propagation perpendicular to the axis about which the system rotates. The critical wave number for instability is not affected by rotation when waves propagate along the axis of rotation. The critical wave number is affected by both the magnetic field and the streaming velocity in both cases. Both the magnetic field and the rotation are stabilizing, while the streaming velocity is destabilizing.