Primary mediastinal neuroendocrine tumor (PMNET) is an extremely rare clinical entity and few cases have been described in the literature. Here, we report a histologically confirmed rare PMNET case of a 66-year-old male patient with a mass detected in the anterior upper mediastinum by chest high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT). Early detection and surgical intervention of this neoplasm are critical for long term survival, though the tumor is associated with a dismal outcome.

Introduction: Lung cancer is the most common cancer in the world, both in terms of new cases and deaths. Almost a fifth of all cancer deaths worldwide are due to lung cancers. Our aim was to evaluate the utility of endobronchial ultrasound-guided trans-bronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) for lymph node staging in patients with lung cancer.Methods: We performed a retrospective study on a total of 427 patients who underwent EBUS-TBNA sampling from January 2020 to December 2020 and a total of 610 lymph nodes were sampled. There were 322 men (mean age: 66.3 and range: 20-87) and 105 women (mean age: 65.9 and range: 18-81).Results: Cytological diagnosis revealed that 55 patients had adenocarcinoma, 28 squamous cell carcinoma, 43 neuroendocrine tumours, 34 non-small cell carcinoma not otherwise specified, 21 metastasis from extrathoracic malignancy, 7 atypical cells suspicious for malignancy, and 239 patients had normal or reactive lymph nodes or non-neoplastic diagnosis. The diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) were 91%, 88.3%, 100%, 100% and 89.2%, respectively.Conclusion: EBUS-TBNA is a safe technique with high accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV. It is an excellent option for the diagnostic approach of patients with lymphadenopathy or intra-thoracic lesions as well as for the staging of malignancies.

Although Pulmonary sclerosing pneumocytoma (PSP) is generally considered to be a benign tumor, it represents a diagnostic challenge due to its controversial etiology and biologic behavior, the diversity of histopathohistological findings as well as the difficult differential diagnosis from poorly differentiated lung adenocarcinomas or carcinoids. EBUS‐TBNA alone cannot be accepted as the final definitive diagnostic approach for this tumor especially if the specimen is not sufficient.