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A quantitative model for the kinetics of adsorption of ionic surfactants to an expanding liquid surface is presented for surfactant concentrations below and above the critical micelle concentration (cmc). For surfactant concentrations below the cmc, the electrostatic double layer is accounted for explicitly in the adsorption isotherm. An overflowing cylinder (OFC) was used to create nonequilibrium liquid surfaces under steady-state conditions. Experimental measurements of the surface excess for solutions of cationic surfactants CH3(CH2)n-1N+(CH3)3 Br- (CnTAB, n = 12, 14, 16) and the anionic fluorocarbon surfactant sodium bis(1H,1H-nonafluoropentyl)-2-sulfosuccinate (di-CF4) in the OFC are in excellent agreement with the theoretical predictions for diffusion-controlled adsorption for all concentrations studied below the cmc. For surfactant concentrations above cmc, the diffusion ofmicelles and monomers are handled separately under the assumption of fast micellar breakdown. This simplified model gives excellent agreement for the system C14TAB + 0.1 M NaBr above the cmc. Agreement between theory and experiment for C16TAB + 0.1 M NaBr is less good. A plausible explanation for the discrepancy is that micellar breakdown is no longer fast on the time scale of the OFC (ca. 0.1 s).

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Experimental investigations on the process of satellite droplet formation by unstable binary drop collisions are presented. The experiments are carried out using two monodisperse streams of drops of equal size. A systematic variation of the parameters influencing the collisions leads to an extended version of the stability nomogram which involves the numbers of satellite droplets formed by stretching separation after off-center collisions. The time scales for the formation of liquid filaments and their breakup into the satellites are measured and, in the case that a single satellite is formed, the satellite size is measured by means of a phase-Doppler anemometer. Furthermore, a theoretical model for the breakup of cylindrical liquid filaments in head-on and off-center collisions is presented. The model is based on a linear stability analysis of the filament formed after the collision. The critical wavelength associated with the largest deformation energy is calculated and identified with the disturbance which eventually breaks the filament and determines the number of satellites formed. Comparisons with experiments by Ashgriz and Poo ͓J. Fluid Mech. 221, 183 ͑1990͔͒ for the head-on and near-head-on cases yield agreement of the numbers of satellites formed.