Background: Appendiceal neuroendocrine neoplasms (ANEN) are mostly indolent tumours treated effectively with simple appendectomy. However, controversy exists regarding the necessity of oncologic right hemicolectomy (RH) in patients with histologic features suggestive of more aggressive disease. We assess the effects of current guidelines in selecting the surgical strategy (appendectomy or RH) for the management of ANEN. Methods/Aims: This is a retrospective review of all ANEN cases treated over a 14-year period at 3 referral centres and their management according to consensus guidelines of the European and the North American Neuroendocrine Tumor Societies (ENETS and NANETS, respectively). The operation performed, the tumour stage and grade, the extent of residual disease, and the follow-up outcomes were evaluated. Results: Of 14,850 patients who had appendectomies, 215 (1.45%) had histologically confirmed ANEN. Four patients had synchronous non-ANEN malignancies. One hundred and ninety-three patients had index appendectomy. Seventeen patients (7.9%) had lymph node metastases within the mesoappendix. Forty-nine patients underwent RH after appendectomy. The percentages of 30-day morbidity and mortality after RH were 2 and 0%, respectively. Twelve patients (24.5%) receiving completion RH were found to have lymph node metastases. Two patients had liver metastases, both of them synchronous. The median follow-up was 38.5 months (range 1-143). No patient developed disease recurrence. Five- and 10-year overall survival for all patients with ANEN as the only malignancy was both 99.05%. Conclusions: The current guidelines appear effective in identifying ANEN patients at risk of harbouring nodal disease, but they question the oncological relevance of ANEN lymph node metastases. RH might present an overtreatment for a number of patients with ANEN.

Tailgut cysts are an uncommon yet important cause of chronic perianal sepsis. Suspicion should be raised in a patient, usually female, presenting with a history of unsuccessful procedures. Diagnosis can be made by clinical assessment and MRI. Complete excision usually resolves the problem.

Restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM) is the least common among cardiomyopathies. It can be idiopathic, familial, or secondary to systematic disorders. Marked increase in left and/or right ventricular filling pressures causes symptoms and signs of congestive heart failure. Electrocardiographic findings are nonspecific and include atrioventricular conduction and QRS complex abnormalities and supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias. Echocardiography and cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) play a major role in diagnosis. Echocardiography reveals normal or hypertrophied ventricles, preserved systolic function, marked biatrial enlargement, and impaired diastolic function, often with restrictive filling pattern. CMR offering a higher spatial resolution than echocardiography can provide detailed information about anatomic structures, perfusion, ventricular function, and tissue characterization. CMR with late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) and novel approaches (myocardial mapping) can direct the diagnosis to specific subtypes of RCM, depending on the pattern of scar formation. When noninvasive studies have failed, endomyocardial biopsy is required. Differentiation between RCM and constrictive pericarditis (CP), nowadays by echocardiography, is important since both present as heart failure with normal-sized ventricles and preserved ejection fraction but CP can be treated by means of anti-inflammatory and surgical treatment, while the treatment options of RCM are dictated by the underlying condition. Prognosis is generally poor despite optimal medical treatment.

Negative margins and bone resection (where needed) were identified as the most important factors influencing overall survival. Neoadjuvant therapy before pelvic exenteration did not affect survival, but was associated with higher rates of readmission, complications and radiological reintervention.

Background/Aim: The occurrence of an incisional hernia after liver transplantation consists of a potential complication that may seriously affect the postoperative course and the quality of patient's life in general. The purpose of this study was to report the current epidemiological data, analyze the risk factors, evaluate the role of laparoscopic repair in this condition, and present the technical difficulties in the management of this special patient group. Materials and Methods: A literature search was performed through PubMed. Our criteria included all studies published from March 1982 to February 2019 in English, regarding incisional posttransplant hernias and open or laparoscopic repair. Finally, we collected 19 relevant studies. Results: Incisional hernia may occur independently of the type of abdominal incision. Risk factors are both patient-and technique-related. Conclusion: Well-organized randomized controlled studies are needed, in order to estimate the best treatment strategy for these patients. An incisional hernia may complicate any abdominal incision, regardless of the type of incision (Figure 1A and B). However, median abdominal incisions have been documented to be more prone to incisional hernia formation, compared with other abdominal incisions (1, 2). According to a systematic review, median incisions carry a significantly higher risk of herniation compared to transversal [relative risk (RR) 1.77, 95%CI=1.09-2.87], and paramedian incisions (RR=3.41, 95%CI=1.02-11.45), respectively (3). Risk factors predisposing to incisional hernia are both patient-and technique-related. Patient-related factors that increase such a risk include obesity, smoking, malnutrition, connective tissue disorders, preoperative chemo-radiation and immunosuppressive therapy (4, 5). As for techniquerelated factors, excess wound tension, suturing material failure, poor surgical technique, as well as the need for emergency surgery, are amongst the most important factors predisposing to the development of incisional hernia. The development of an incisional hernia following liver transplantation (LT) comprises a potential complication that may seriously affect the postoperative course and the quality of patient's life. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the current epidemiological data, analyse the risk 1059 This article is freely accessible online.