Objectives: To evaluate the age-dependent changes of the spine in postmenopausal women with adult scoliosis. Methods: We screened 180 postmenopausal women who presented within a year for an X-ray evaluation in our Radiology Department. Only postmenopausal women without previous surgery of the spine and with a Cobb’s angle of more than 10o were included in the analysis. The acquired X-rays were assessed with the ‘SCODIAC’ software - evaluating the Cobb’s angle, Ferguson’s angle, the vertebrae’s rotation and the overall torsion of the spinal cord. Results: 60/180 women met the inclusion and exclusion criteria and were included in the analysis, in four age-groups (per decade of age) of equal number of subjects (N=15). Their mean age was 70,5 years and mean age of menopause was 50 years. 23% were classified as ‘obese’, 52% ‘overweight’ and 25% ‘normal’. Mean BMI was 27.45 Kgr/m2. 28% were not screened for osteoporosis. 22% of the evaluated subjects had osteoporosis, 38% osteopenia and 12% were normal. The percentage of individuals suffering from degenerative scoliosis, was 27% , 67%, 87% and 73% for each age group respectively. The average of the overall torsion was 23.9o, 19.5o,23.7o and 32,1o. Percentage of subjects without any participation in ‘exercise’ was 47%, 40%, 87% and 67% respectively. Conclusion: Postmenopausal women presenting primary or secondary osteoporosis alongside high ‘BMI’ index and/or low levels of physical activity, are prone to cumulative degeneration of the spine resulting in clinical and sub-clinical scoliosis.

Sarcopenic obesity is considered to be the unique co-existence of two distinctive pathologies: those of sarcopenia and obesity, which affects primarily older adults. Its manifestation is not afflicted by the individual's age, sex or body weight. There is a number of different diagnostic methods, and that goes for the therapeutic approach as well. Nutrition could be one of the key-factors of tackling sarcopenic obesity, being supported by proper physical exercise. This short review aims at providing current definitions and diagnostic as well as therapeutic interventions.

Health Organization, one in three adults exceeding the age of 65 could be considered a high-risk faller 3 . Amidst the numerous risk factors, the body mass index (BMI) and its Abstract Objectives: To investigate the impact of the body mass index (BMI) change on risk of falling in postmenopausal women with osteopenia or osteoporosis. Also, we aimed to evaluate and associate the individuals' functionality, mobility and balance with the risk of falling. Methods: This one-year prospective observational study assessed 498 postmenopausal Greek women over the 50 th year of age suffering from either osteoporosis or osteopenia. Parameters such as the height, weight and BMI were documented. Furthermore, the subjects were asked whether they experienced a fall the preceding year. Balance was evaluated using the Berg Balance Scale, the Timed-Up-And-Go test, and the 30 Seconds Sit-to-Stand test. Hand-grip strength was assessed with the Jamar Hydraulic Hand Dynamometer. Results: The observed one-year BMI change was associated with falls in postmenopausal osteopenic and osteoporotic women over the age of 70. Additionally, there were statistically significant changes in the BBS, TUG, 30CST and the hand-grip strength on both hands at the one-year follow-up but there were not associated with an increased fall risk. Conclusion: The one-year change in BMI was associated with the risk of falling in postmenopausal osteopenic and osteoporotic women over the 70 th year of age. Whereas, the one-year change in balance, mobility and grip strength were not linked to an increased risk of falling.