Background C4d, which is a serum complement cleavage product of the activated complement component C4, was found to be an accurate indicator of lupus activity compared to complement levels. Recently, macrophages have been considered to be pivotal members in the pathogenesis of lupus nephritis (LN). M2c-like macrophages have anti-inflammatory functions and promote fibrosis. Multiple studies have detected that LN is associated with an imbalance between the regulatory T cell (Treg) population and the inflammatory T helper subtypes. Methods We evaluated and scored the immunohistochemical expression of C4d, CD163-positive M2C-macrophages and Foxp3-expressing Tregs in 53 renal biopsies of LN. Their expression was scored and correlated with clinical and histological disease activity and chronicity. Results Class IV was the most prevalent class (50.9%), followed by class III (17%). PTC-C4d intensity score, CD163% of positive M2c macrophages and FOXP3% of positive Tregs were significantly correlated with chronicity index ( rs = 0.292, p = 0.034; rs = 0.407, p = 0.003; and rs = 0.296, p = 0.031, respectively). Also, FOXP3% of positive Tregs was significantly correlated with LN class ( rs = 0.31, p = 0.024). Conclusion C4d-PTC, CD163-positive M2c macrophages and FOXP3-positive Tregs are markers that significantly correlated with chronicity in LN. Further studies are needed to evaluate their prognostic value.

There are many benefits to mixing pesticides including controlling a broad spectrum of pest species and overcoming the phenomenon of insect resistance to the action of pesticides. Two field experiments were conducted during the 2019 and 2020 seasons, at Alwakeel village, El-Beheira Governorate, Egypt to investigate the efficacy of abamectin and thiamethoxam mixture (AB+THIA) against the whitefly, Bemisia tabaci. The mixture gave a high reduction of whiteflies, where the general means of initial and residual reduction percentage of adult stages were 83.

Background/Aim: Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury occurs in renal transplantation, and it could be a risk factor for late renal allograft failure. Several exogenous antioxidants used in prevention of renal I/R injury. Multiple experimental studies demonstrated the antioxidant effect of Spirulina. This study focused on the effects of Spirulina on histopathology of kidney subjected to I/R injury. Methods: Renal I/R was induced in male Sprague-Dwaley rats by occluding the left renal artery then right nephrectomty. Group I was sham operated rats; group II, control (non treated rats); and group III, Spirulinatreated rats (1000 mg/kg BW, orally. 7 days before I/R). Rats were sacrificed 1 & 3 days post reperfusion. The effects of Spirulina on both necrosis and regeneration of kidney tubules caused by renal I/R injury were assayed and scored. Results: Spirulina pretreatment decrease the necrotic injury and improve tubular regeneration after 1 and 3days of renal I/R injury. Conclusion: Spirulina decreased the necrotic activity index in rat kidney after I/R injury and help in tubular regeneration.