The Integration BetweenTrichogramma EvanescensWest. (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) and Selected Bioinsecticides for Controlling the Potato Tuber MothPhthorimaea Operculella(Zell.) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) of Stored PotatoesThe efficacy of the egg-egg parasitoidTrichogramma evanescens(Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) and certain bioinsecticides (e.g., Neemix, Virotecto, Agerin, Dipel 2x and Spinosad) for controlling the potato tuber moth (PTM),Phthorimaea operculella(Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) under storage conditions was studied. Single and combined treatments ofT. evanescensand the bioinsecticides were tested. Neemix and spinosad were evaluated as spray treatments. Virotecto, Agerin and Dipel 2x were evaluated as dust and spray treatments. Data were recorded in terms of rate of infestation, reduction of infestation, number ofP. operculellapupae, and number of mines per 20 tubers as well as percentage of edible parts. Data revealed that the percentage of infestation in the control treatment was as high as in the Neemix treatment being 96.67 and 90% after one and two months of storage, respectively. Obviously, Spinosad and Dipel 2x were the most effective bioinsecticides in reducing tuber infestation and number ofP. operculellarecovered pupae. Virotecto and Agerin reduced rate of infestation and number of recoveredP. operculellapupae over that of the control, but their effect was significantly lower than that of Spinosad or Dipel 2x. Moreover, there were significant differences among treatments in the form of the number ofP. operculellatunnels and percentages of edible parts after two months in storage. Data further indicated that the integration between the tested bioinsecticides andT. evanescensenhanced the control ofP. operculella.Significant differences in percentages of infestation, edible parts, number of recovered pupae as well as number of mines in stored potatoes existed between individual treatments (withoutTrichogramma) and combined treatments.

Effect of direct application of five bio-and conventional insecticides Dipel2x, Radiant, Proclaim, Aphox and Coragen) at three different concentrations on the biological attributes of immature (1 st , 3 rd and 5 th nymphal instars) and adult stages of Orius albidipennis (Reuter) (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) were evaluated. Procalim, Aphox and Coragen had harmful effect and caused significant reduction in the tested stages of O. albidipennisas compared to Dipel 2x and Radiant insecticides, irrespective of tested concentrations. Also, the direct impact of those insecticides on immature stages was higher than that recorded for adult stage. Insecticide-treated immature stages of O. albidipennis had negative impact on developmental periods. However, the longevity, fecundity rates and hatchability percentages of obtained adults from insecticide-treated immature and insecticide-treated adult stages were differed from those of untreated (control).

The toxicity effect of five insecticides (Dipel 2x, Radiant, Proclaim, Aphox and Coragen) on two species of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) (Heterorhabditis bacteriophora BA1 and Steinernema carpocapsae BA2), were evaluated under laboratory conditions at different concentrations 100%, 50% and 25% of field rates (FR). Moreover, the virulence of insecticide-treated EPNs against the l st nymphal instar of the greater wax moth Galleria mellonella L. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) was also evaluated. Data indicated that all insecticides showed negative effect on the tested infective juveniles (IJs) of EPNs and the percentages of mortality were in order of H. bacteriophora BA1>S. carpocapsae BA2 and were concentration-dependent; significant differences existed between untreated (control) and insecticide treatments EPNs. Proclaim insecticide recorded the highest mortality rate in EPNs at all tested concentrations 24, 48 and 72 hours post treatment. Regarding the effect of tested insecticides on the virulence and the reproductive capacity of treated EPNs, data indicated that the ability of insecticide-treated EPNs to locate and infect larvae of G. mellonella decreased after exposure to insecticide and consequently reproductive capacity of EPNs was significantly reduced.