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Female migrant workers, especially domestic workers, have often been portrayed as victims of exploitation, abuse, violence, and marginalization in the literature. In recent years, however, reports on the radicalization of female migrant workers and their engagement in terrorism have started to emerge. Female migrant workers, who were otherwise only nominally religious before migrating for work, are reportedly embracing radicalized forms of religion and violence after being exposed to extremist content on social media. This paper sheds light on this phenomenon in relation to the widespread use of social media. It fits within an emerging body of literature that is beginning to portray these workers as agents for change and of their own destiny rather than helpless subjects and victims of exploitation. The paper examines the role of religion and religious institutions as a means for coping as well as for empowerment, emancipation, and resistance. It also questions the interlinkages between the feminization of international labour migration and violent extremism, and it calls for more research on the lived experiences of vulnerable female workers in order to better understand the complex and multifaceted dynamics of radicalization and violent extremism within the context of migration, especially in relation to the role of technology.

In the advent of the coronavirus pandemic and the push to digital work, this op-ed argues that the emerging digital economy can be vital for enabling refugee women in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) to overcome existing livelihood barriers. Since the outbreak of the Syrian crisis in 2011, over 6.5 million Syrian refugees have been registered by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) globally. Neighbouring countries across the MENA region continue to carry the largest share of the burden. Across the region, refugees live on the margins, in camps, as well as urban and peri-urban communities, and other informal settlements. Existing gender disparities coupled with other social and logistical barriers, as well as restrictive legal and economic structures, exacerbate livelihood challenges for refugee women in MENA. Research demonstrates that the digital economy, particularly crowd and ‘on-demand’ work, could provide opportunities that would enable women refugees to overcome these barriers to work. As it stands, however, the digital economy is still in its infancy, especially in host countries in MENA, and it is still fraught with challenges, including barriers to entry, employee protections and the lack of guarantees to decent work, especially for vulnerable and marginalised communities. We therefore argue that there is a need to direct efforts to maximise the benefits that the digital economy could offer, especially to refugee women – a need that has become even more pertinent since the coronavirus pandemic.

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