L umpy skin disease (LSD) is a viral infectious disease caused by a virus (LSDV) in the family Poxviridae, genus Capripoxvirus which is closely related antigenically to poxvirus of sheep and goat. LSD is also referred to as Neethling virus disease, Pseudo-urticaria, and Exanthema Nodularis Bovis. The main species affected by LSD are cattle, though the infection has also been reported in water buffalo (Al-Salihi, 2014;Kiplagat et al., 2020). LSD is characterized by skin nodules with enlarged inflamed lymph nodes accompanied by a high persistent fever, pneumonia, lacrimation, and nasal discharge (Al-Salihi and Hassan, 2015). The morbidity rate of LSD ranges from 3 to 85% in different epizootic situations while in the endemic areas, the morbidity rate is estimated at 10% and mortality rate of LSD varies between 1 and 3%, but percentage up to 40% have been reported in severe outbreak conditions (Ochwo et al., 2019).The World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) classifies LSD as a notifiable disease due to the considerable economic impact of an LSD outbreak that comes from:1. The disease is more serious in cows especially through the peak of lactation result in a sharp decline in milk research Article Abstract | Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is an infectious viral disease with major economic impacts on the animal wealth in different countries and it became endemic in Egypt. The present study was carried out to investigate the prevalence of LSD in El-Qalyubia governorate, Egypt, and the related risk factors. In total, 665 blood samples were collected from diseased and apparently healthy animals to detect positive cases. The prevalence of LSD was higher in cattle (36.7%) than in buffalo (15.2%). The animals of age 1-2 years and over 2 years showed a higher prevalence of LSD (42.2% and 34.9%, respectively) than young animals of age less than one year (26.3%). The prevalence was higher in summer and spring (37.7% and 34.1%, respectively) than in the winter season. Also, the highest prevalence of LSD was reported at a high THI level >80 (37.6%). Regarding the locality, Benha, Qaha, and El-Khanater El-Khayria showed the highest prevalence of LSD (45.6%, 44.4%, and 38.4% respectively). Also, the prevalence of LSD in non-vaccinated animals (50%) was higher than in vaccinated animals (34.3%). A univariate logistic regression model was applied to evaluate the risk factors of LSD, followed by forward stepwise multivariate logistic regression. The final multivariate model revealed that the seroprevalence of LSD was significantly associated with animal species and age. Cattle and animals of age 1-2 years have a higher likelihood to be infected with the LSD compared with their contemporaries (OR = 4.08 and 2.35; P = >0.001 and <0.001, respectively). Therefore, early detection of LSD seropositivity among cattle of age 1 -2 years and the application of control measures among localities are the methods of choice to minimize future LSD outbreaks in Egypt.

The current study was built on 1015 dairy records of Holstein Friesian cows, aimed to determine the prevalence and potential risk factors of clinical mastitis (CM). Logistic regression models were conducted to determine the risk factors associated with the onset of CM. The average age at 1 st calving was 1.98 years in mastitic cows, and 2.01 years in healthy ones. Daily milk yield (DMY) was shown to be somewhat lower in mastitic cows than in healthy (31.9 and 32.3 kg, respectively). Older dairy cows >5 years had a higher incidence of mastitis (53.56%). The prevalence of CM was higher in multiparous cows, either 2 nd parity (48.24%) or ≥ 3 rd parity (47.23%). Regarding the calving season, cows that calved in winter showed a lower percentage of CM (38.36%). Pregnant cows were found to have a greater incidence of CM than non-pregnant cows (59.35% and 32.89%, respectively). Concerning the history of the previous mastitis, cows that were infected previously showed a higher prevalence of CM (51.66%). The greatest percentage of CM was observed in cows in the early and mid-stages of lactation (44.59% and 52.69%, respectively). The final multivariate logistic regression model revealed that age at 1 st calving had a significant positive correlation with the incidence of CM (β=1.19, P-value= 0.003). Older cows >5 years (odds ratio (OR)=1.79), cows calved during the summer season (OR=1.84), Pregnant cows (OR=7.27), cows with a history of previous mastitis (OR=1.81), and lactating cows at early lactation stage (1-90 days) were significant risk factors associated with an increased incidence of CM.