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Objective: Determine the effect of iron deficiency anemia (IDA) & iron deficiency (ID), on the cognitive functions in children and its consequences. Patients and Methods: Three groups of children were enrolled in this case-control study with an age range of 3-8 years. They were selected from pediatric and phoniatric clinics in Egypt. Control group (CG): thirty normal children. Case groups were divided into GroupI: Nineteen Delayed language development children had ID only, Group II: Thirty Delayed language development children had iron deficiency anemia (IDA). Groups were subjected to (1) Full history taking (focusing on nutritional history). ( 2) CBC by automatic cell counters. (3) Iron status through estimation of serum ferritin level by ELISA. (4) Assessment of cognitive functions by assessment of Non-verbal Intelligent Quotient (NV-IQ) using Stanford Binet 5 th Edition measuring (fluid reasoning, knowledge, quantitative reasoning, visual-spatial processing, and working memory). ( 5) Assessment of language-by-language test to confirm diagnosis of delayed language development. Results: Under the umbrella of faulty eating habits, there was a direct correlation between the NV-IQ and the deterioration of iron status with their consequence on delaying language development. Conclusion: There is a necessary to assess NV-IQ and iron status in any child with delayed language development with poor attention span, intelligence, sensory perception functions, emotions, and behavior, especially with the condition of faulty eating habits.

Introduction:Stuttering is a fluency disorder in which an individual can produce speech effortlessly and automatically and it is seriously compromised. Although the spontaneous recovery rate is high in children, stuttering will become an intractable problem for some of them. In Egypt, it occurs at the Prevalence of 0.29-0.55%. Stuttering is one of the speech disorders which is characterized by developmental histories often marked by bullying, poor peer relationships, and many negative social interactions. Therefore, it is clear that stuttering carries a significant risk of comorbid psychiatric symptoms; these psychiatric symptoms appear in children and persist into adulthood. The theories behind stuttering and mental health disorders are complex. Aim: The current study aimed to determine comorbid psychiatric symptoms in stutterers. Patients and Methods: A cross-sectional study was done on forty-seven stutterers. They were classified into three groups: children group: their age ranged 6 -9.7 years (7.4 ± 1.3), preadolescents group: their age ranged 10 -11.8 years (10.6 ± 0.6) and adolescents group: their age ranged 13.1-17.2 years (15.1 ± 1.5), who were diagnosed with stuttering. Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and Arabic Stuttering Severity Instrument (A-SSI) were applied to all of them. Results: Comorbid psychiatric symptoms were associated with stuttering. It was found that psychiatric co-morbidities aggravated the stuttering severity. These psychiatric symptoms appeared in children, preadolescents and became more prominent in adolescents. Conclusion:The current study demonstrated stuttering as a heterogeneous group of disorders. Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) is mandatory for stutterers in addition to the ordinary management program, which includes speech assessment and intervention. On the other hand, CBT should be used as a prophylactic therapy in stutterers without comorbid psychiatric symptoms.

Background Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders. In DSM-IV, the diagnostic criteria of autism consisted of three domains: impairment in social interaction, communication deficits, and stereotypic behavior, while in DSM-5 they were condensed into two domains: social communication deficits and restricted patterns of behavior to which sensory processing deficits (SPD) were added, manifested by hypo- or hyper-reactivity to sensory stimuli or uncommon interests in sensory aspects of the surrounding environment. The purpose of this study is to determine the relation between SPD and the symptom triad in ASD namely social interaction, communication deficits, and stereotypic behavior. To our knowledge, this issue was not studied before in Egyptian literature. Results There was a significant negative correlation between SPD (assessed by short sensory profile: SSP) and symptom triad in ASD. As regards social interaction, the ADI-R (A), there was significant negative correlation with the SSP total scores and all subscales except for low energy/weak and visual/auditory sensitivity, whereas under-responsive/seeks sensation held the highest negative correlation (p ˂ 0.008). As regards communication deficits, the ADI-R (B), there was significant negative correlation with the SSP total scores and the auditory filtering held the highest negative correlation (p ˂ 0.008), and as regards stereotypic behavior, the ADI-R (C), there was significant negative correlation with the SSP total scores and all subscales except for low energy/weak and visual/auditory sensitivity whereas taste/smell sensitivity and auditory filtering held the highest negative correlation (p ˂ 0.001). There was a high significant negative correlation between the severity of autistic symptoms (assessed by CARS) and the SSP total scores, and for all subscales (p ˂ 0.001) except for low energy/weak, the correlation was significant (not highly significant) (p ˂ 0.05). Finally, there was high percentage of parental consanguinity among the participants (80%). Conclusions SPD negatively affected the ASD symptom triad which highlights the importance of sensory integration therapy (SIT) as a major core of ASD treatment alongside the other treatment modalities. Early ASD screening is mandatory in families with parental consanguinity.