Measles is an acute infectious disease characterized by a combination of catarrhal symptoms and specific exanthema. This is a highly contagious, potentially fatal infection with an airborne transmission mechanism. A distinctive feature of the pathogen of which is the ability to cause prolonged post-infectious immunosuppression. Fever in combination with one of the following manifestations: cough, runny nose, conjunctivitis are the first clinical manifestations of the disease. The Belsky-Filatov-Koplik spots are specific rashes on the mucous membrane of the cheeks, allowing to establish a diagnosis even before the appearance of exanthema. The rash usually appears 3-4 days after the onset of an increase in body temperature and is characterized by a gradual rash, initially occurs on the face and behind the ears, which is associated with the peak of the clinical picture. Measles is characterized by a polysystemic lesion, with a predominant involvement in the pathological process of the central and respiratory systems of the body, while pneumonia is one of the most frequent complications that lead to a fatal outcome. In the treatment of measles, supportive therapy, correction of dehydration and nutrient deficiency, as well as treatment of secondary bacterial infections and providing the body with vitamin A are of great importance. It is important to note that measles has lifelong immunity after an infection or vaccination, while vaccination against measles plays a crucial role in its elimination. Previously, it was believed that measles is on the verge of eradication, but its outbreaks in Europe at the present stage have led to the return and spread of this infection. Measles remains the leading cause of global child mortality in the world, as children from developing countries are most susceptible to this disease. About 45 million new cases of measles are registered annually in the world, among which almost a million people die.

a JSC Astana Medical university, medicine, Astana/KZ b JSC Astana Medical university, prorector of stydying system, Astana/KZ c JSC Astana Medical university, the chief of children infections,

In spite of the use of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs), there are some reports of increasing incidence of complicated pneumonia, accompanied by significant pleural effusion or empyema, caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae. Some serotypes seem to be more frequently associated to this clinical presentation, such as serotypes 1, 3, 5, 7F and 19A. We aimed to characterize the pneumococcal population causing complicated pneumonia and to evaluate the role of molecular techniques in the enhanced detection of this important pathogen in pleural fluid samples.Methods & Materials: Pleural effusion or empyema samples from pediatric patients, recovered in Portugal between 2010 and 2015 were included. When traditional culture methods revealed S. pneumoniae these were serotyped. In culture negative cases, samples were analyzed by conventional and RT-PCR for S. pneumoniae detection and serotyping.Results: 109 out of 152 cases of complicated pneumonia were confirmed to be due to S. pneumoniae. The majority of cases (n=92) were diagnosed by molecular methods. The most frequent serotypes were serotypes 3, 1 and 19A together accounting for 62% (n=68) of the isolates. Some of the patients included in this study had infections due to vaccinal serotypes, in spite of being age appropriately vaccinated. Conclusion:The high prevalence of the additional serotypes included in PCV13 is probably due to a higher propensity of these serotypes to cause complicated pneumonia, although the longtime use of PCV7 may have contributed to the decline of PCV7 serotypes. The persistence of some PCV13 serotypes in spite of vaccination is of concern. Ongoing surveillance studies are essential to understand the dynamics of the pneumococcal population after the inclusion of PCV13 in the National Immunization plan in Portugal.

Genetic characterization of measles viruses (MVs) is an important component of laboratory surveillance of measles. In this study, a phylogenetic analysis was performed of the nucleoprotein gene sequences isolated in the Republic of Kazakhstan in 2018 year.Objective: To study the epidemiological characteristics of measles and identify the circulating strain in the Republic of Kazakhstan during the period of increasing incidence for 36 global efforts to eliminate measles among the population. Material and Methods:On the basis of the reference laboratory "Center for Sanitary and Epidemiological Expertise and Monitoring" of the RSE at the PEM "NCPH" genotyping of measles virus isolated from biological material (urine) from laboratory-confirmed cases was performed.Results: According to the results of the study, it was revealed that the genotypes of the measles virus circulating in the Republic of Kazakhstan belong to two genotypes, the majority of samples (n=16) belonged to the D8genotype and2 samplesto the B3 genotype/MVi/Harare.ZWE/38.09./.