In the present work, the prevalence, etiological factors and effective treatment scheme of mastitis in cows of dairy farms “Balke” and “Madi-R” in Eastern Kazakhstan were investigated. In total, 210 heads were investigated on two farms. The incidence of mastitis in cows on dairy farms is not the same in different years. Average clinical mastitis was detected in 35.4% of cows in 2016, 19.6% in 2017, 28.5% in 2018, and in 2019 in 16.4% of cows. The prevalence rates of subclinical mastitis by year had some differences. So, in 2016—36.5% of cows, then in 2017—21.5%, 2018—19.3% and in 2019—22.6%. In cows with udder inflammation, serum calcium 9.37 ± 0.15 mg/% with a range of 8.0 to 10.8 mg/%, phosphorus 3.58 ± 0.07 mg/% (3.0 to 4.3 mg/%), reserve alkalinity 363.46 ± 6.69 mg/% (320 to 440), carotene 0.49 ± 0.03 mg/% (0.220 to 0.988 mg/%), which are in the lower limit of physiological parameters. The drug “Dorob” was tested during the study of comparative effectiveness of treatment methods. The results of the study showed that this drug has anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and stimulating healing actions. The treatment of the sick cows with catarrhal mastitis has shown that a total of 8 cows have recovered in the control group and 10 cows in the experimental group with the preparation “Dorob”. The period of recovery in the control group was 8.8 ± 0.39, and in the experimental group—6.2 ± 0.28 (p < 0.05). The drug does not contain antibiotics and hormonal preparations. The inclusion of the drug in the scheme of treatment allows for effectively treating inflammatory processes in the udder of cows and restoring their productivity with minimal cost of time and money.

The main sector of agriculture in Kazakhstan, including the East Kazakhstan region is cattle breeding and, in particular, cattle breeding, which is determined by climatic and geographical conditions. However, successful reproduction and increase in livestock productivity is largely hampered by infertility and mastitis, and as a result they cause significant economic damage and reduce the reproduction rate and profitability of dairy cattle. Recently, the number of subclinical mastitis in cows has increased, which subsequently lead to profound morphological and functional changes in the mammary gland, a decrease in milk productivity and quality. Mastitis can be caused by various reasons, primarily poor or inadequate feeding, poor care, improper maintenance and use of animals, negligent attitudes towards organizing and conducting artificial insemination, due to various diseases of the genital organs, which appear most often during childbirth and the postpartum period. The quality control of the milk of cows was investigated by California test and DEDM (Device for Express Diagnostic of Mastitis). The express methods that we used allowed us to identify the subclinical and clinical forms of mastitis and timely treat it. Laboratory studies on the presence of somatic cells in milk were also conducted. After the detection of breast diseases, complex symptomatic treatment was performed. For the treatment of various forms of mastitis, drugs were used: mastiet forte - intracisternally for five days at a dose of 10 ml 2 times a day for five days in a row. Mastiet Forte has a high therapeutic efficacy in subclinical and clinical forms of cow mastitis. And the drug ketoprof  has also been used. Ketoprof  as an anti-inflammatory agent was used intramuscularly – 3 ml per 100 kg of animal weight 1 time per day for 3 days in a row. Klineksin 5%, as an antibacterial agent, was used intramuscularly at a dose of 1 ml per 50 kg of body weight 1 time per day for 3 days in a row. Antimicrobial agents and biologically active substances needed to be combined for successful therapy. Such biologically active substances include vitamin of Helsivit. They were used subcutaneously – 6 ml once.

Nosemosis is the most common disease in honey bee Apis mellifera L., and is a major issue related to bee health worldwide. Therefore, the purpose of this research study was to determine prevalence of microsporidia parasitic infection of the genus Nosema spp. in East Kazakhstan Region (EKR). In the years of 2018 –2021, 394 honey bee samples were collected at 30 apiaries located in four districts of East Kazakhstan Region (Katon-Karagay, Urzhar, Borodulikhinsky, and Shemonaikhinsky). In order to determine the level of infestation, firstly, the presence of Nosema spp. spores was detected using optical microscopy, and then the average amount of spores per bee was counted using a hemocytometer. The degree of nosemosis prevalence was determined in points by means of a semi-quantitative method, and as a percentage from the total of samples and of the amount of positive tests. At the outcome of the study, microsporidia of the genus Nosema spp. were detected in 23.3% of cases (92 samples). Prevalence at its low degree was found in six samples (1.5%), at an average degree in 55 samples (14%), and at a high one in 31 samples (7.9%). This research study proved that microsporidia of the genus Nosema spp. are widely spread at the apiaries of East Kazakhstan Region in different orographic and climatic conditions. Notwithstanding that it was impossible to statistically determine any significant differences between the dependence of nosemosis prevalence and the apiary location, this indicator is actually higher in the mountainous regions than in the steppe. Concurrently, a close inverse correlation was recognized between the amount of spores in one bee and the level of infestation in bee families from the duration of the vegetation season at the apiary location. This gives grounds to assert that the environmental factors have an impact on formation and development of nosemosis. The results of the research presented in the article indicate the need for further research aimed at increasing the number of studied apiaries, and above all the use of molecular biology methods to distinguish the species that cause nosemosis infection (PCR).

The article examines the research on the etiology of mastitis in cows. Mastitis is a widespread disease of dairy cows. Diagnostic tests were performed to study the extent of mastitis spread in lactating cows. The main reason for the destruction of dairy cows with mastitis is not the benign feeding affected by mold fungi. Tests of feeds were selected to detect the level of contamination by microorganisms.Key words: milk, mastitis, microorganisms, etiology.The quality of the produced milk is affected by the sanitary condition of farms, the presence of cows, sick with mastitis and endometritis, the state of the technology of primary processing and storage of milk [1,2,3,4].Due to inflammation of the udder, the productivity, sanitary quality of milk decreases, premature culling of cows due to hypothalaxia and atrophy of the udder occurs, the disease incidence of newborn calves increases (V.A. Parikov, 1990; N.G. Gasanov, 1990; L.D. Demidova, 2002; L.G. Roman, 2010; A.M. Semivolos, 2013; A.Ya. Batrakov, 2014; N.T. Klimov, 2014; Avdeenko, 2009 Avdeenko, , 2015.The resistance of cows to mastitis is of great importance for obtaining high-quality milk [5,6].In the emergence and spread of diseases of the mammary gland in cows, factors that reduce the resistance of the mammary gland and the organism as a whole play an important role (N.A. Sapozhnikova, 1992; V.I. Slobodyanik, 1994 V.I. Slobodyanik, -2000 I.A. Rodin, 2002) on the background of which the pathogenic and conditionally pathogenic microflora manifests its action (V.M. Kartashova, A.I. Ivashura, 1988; V.M. Ivchenko, 1991; G.N. Kuzmin, 1995; V.M. Bagmanov, 2005; S. Janossi, Z. Baltay, 2004; D.P. Berry, 2005; V.S. Avdeenko, 2009; V.N. Filpot, Sh.S. Nickerson, 2012).Much depends on keeping of animals in primary farms, unsatisfactory condition of which leads to contamination by pathogenic microorganisms in the process of milking.The most significant climatic factors that affect the composition and properties of milk are the temperature and humidity of the air. Violations of the microclimate parameters reduce milk yield and the mass fraction of fat in milk [7].