fax 01-972-952-9435. AbstractThe performance of fracturing treatments has been an issue for over fifty years and considerable effort has been devoted to improve its prediction performance. However, the effect of cleanup in tight gas-condensate reservoirs where fracturing considered as the most common well stimulation technique, has not been fully investigated for these low IFT systems. The performance of cleanup operation heavily depends on the mobility, i.e., viscosity and relative permeability (k r ), of fracturing fluid compared to those of gas and condensate. This determines the extent of invaded zone near the wellbore region and the ease with which fracturing fluid is removed during the back-flow operation.In this work, measured values of permeability, singlephase inertial factor and k r of a propped fracture and those of a tight reservoir rock have been used to evaluate the performance of fracturing treatments. ECLIPSE 300 compositional reservoir simulator, which includes our inhouse k r correlations accounting for coupling (i.e., the increase of k r as velocity increases and/or IFT decreases) and inertial (i.e., the reduction of k r as velocity increases) effects, was used to develop realistic fractured flow systems. A sensitivity analysis on the impact of different hydraulic fracturing fluid, fracture characteristics and reservoir fluids on the productivity of a single-well model were conducted resulting in some practical guidelines.The results indicated that the performance of 300 cp high viscosity fracture fluid is better than that of 10 cp low viscosity fluid, due to a lower penetration depth. When k r of oil based fracturing fluid is improved, compared to that of water based, the back flow of fracturing fluid is facilitated especially for the 10 cp low viscosity fluid. Presnece of condensate facilitate the backflow of fluid, hence, cleanup efficiency is better for richer fluid systems.

Background: Lemon peel powder was used as a natural catalyst for the synthesis of biscoumarins and 3,4-dihydropyrano[c]chromene derivatives. The catalyst is natural, biodegradable, environmentally benign and thus contributes a valuable addition to the existing sustainable methods for the synthesis of coumarin derivatives. Objective: Development of Green synthesis and use of Natural catalyst. Methods: Lemon peel powder was used as a natural, biodegradable, environmentally benign heterogenous catalyst for the synthesis of coumarin derivatives. Results: Natural lemon peel powder was successfully used as a heterogeneous catalyst for the synthesis of coumarin based heterocyclic compounds. Conclusion: In conclusion, an environmentally benign, green and one-pot multicomponent protocol has been developed for the synthesis of biscoumarins and 3,4-dihydropyrano[c]chromene derivatives using lemon peel powder as a natural and biodegradable catalyst. Lemon peel being natural, the present approach is sustainable and will highlight the emerging applications of natural resources for synthetic organic transformations. This protocol offers several advantages such as high yields, clean reaction conditions, and no pollution threat to the environment making it a useful and attractive process for the synthesis of coumarin derivatives.

The objective is to remove undesirable components namely olefins present in the Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) stream in order to match the quality pertaining to environmental aspects and safety requirements which are achieved by processing the unsaturated hydrocarbons to the saturated hydrocarbon product. The principal reason for removing the olefins is that it certainly produces significant smoke based on the mole percent of olefin content when the fuel is burnt and that which is not desirable when it is being utilized by the end users inorder to provide a smoke free environment. Hence a detailed study and analysis which was carried out for hydrogenating the olefins to produce saturates have been discussed here. The complete analyses have been modelled and simulated using process modelling software hysys. The efficiency in terms of the final achievable product with respect to the throughput plays a vital role in the quality of saturated LPG product. The results are analyzed with respect to the feedstock composition of unsaturated LPG to the obtained saturated LPG product composition. This gas processing method of treating unsaturated LPG provides us a cleaner and safe environment by reducing the emission / smoke intensity levels while burning the fuel. Description of the model In order to mitigate the olefins in the LPG and achieve desired specification, it is intended to go for a Hydrogenation facility to saturate olefins. The feedstock comprises of known composition of the liquefied petroleum gas with identified mole percent of the unsaturated hydrocarbons. The complete model is carried out in the process modelling software, Hysys. Peng-robinson property package is used as the simulation basis. Olefins in LPG entering into the feed vessel at a pressure of 26 bar and 40°C (Refer to Figure 1 for the schematic representation of the hydrogenation facility), is then pumped via feed pump to the equalizer. Fresh hydrogen stream is mixed at the equalizer for hydrogenation reaction to occur in the Hydrogenation reactor. Mixer upstream of the reactor ensures that proper mixing takes place for enhancing the reactivity of this two phase flow. The reaction is input for 98% conversion of the base components which are fed as input with appropriate stoichiometric coefficients. Hydrogenation reactor is loaded with specific metal based catalysts which have ability to convert olefins to saturated hydrocarbons. The exothermicity causes an increased temperature in the product. The flow in the reactor to be taken care to avoid channelling effects for more efficient conversion. There are two beds of reactor considered in the reactor. Each reaction continues until the specified conversion is attained or until a limiting reactant is depleted.

fax 01-972-952-9435. AbstractThe performance of fracturing treatments has been an issue for over fifty years and considerable effort has been devoted to improve its prediction performance. However, the effect of cleanup in tight gas-condensate reservoirs where fracturing considered as the most common well stimulation technique, has not been fully investigated for these low IFT systems. The performance of cleanup operation heavily depends on the mobility, i.e., viscosity and relative permeability (k r ), of fracturing fluid compared to those of gas and condensate. This determines the extent of invaded zone near the wellbore region and the ease with which fracturing fluid is removed during the back-flow operation.In this work, measured values of permeability, singlephase inertial factor and k r of a propped fracture and those of a tight reservoir rock have been used to evaluate the performance of fracturing treatments. ECLIPSE 300 compositional reservoir simulator, which includes our inhouse k r correlations accounting for coupling (i.e., the increase of k r as velocity increases and/or IFT decreases) and inertial (i.e., the reduction of k r as velocity increases) effects, was used to develop realistic fractured flow systems. A sensitivity analysis on the impact of different hydraulic fracturing fluid, fracture characteristics and reservoir fluids on the productivity of a single-well model were conducted resulting in some practical guidelines.The results indicated that the performance of 300 cp high viscosity fracture fluid is better than that of 10 cp low viscosity fluid, due to a lower penetration depth. When k r of oil based fracturing fluid is improved, compared to that of water based, the back flow of fracturing fluid is facilitated especially for the 10 cp low viscosity fluid. Presnece of condensate facilitate the backflow of fluid, hence, cleanup efficiency is better for richer fluid systems.