Spices have been shown to possess medicinal value, in particular, antimicrobial activity. They are used as household medicines as well as preservatives of food materials. This study compares the sensitivity of some human pathogenic bacteria to various spice extracts viz. essential oils, acetone and methanol extracts by agar well diffusion method. Of the different spices tested clove, ajowan and cinnamon were found to possess relatively higher antimicrobial activities. Essential oil of cinnamon showed broad spectrum of inhibition against all tested bacteria while essential oil of ajowan and clove inhibited 90% and 70% bacteria respectively. Acetone and methanol extracts of clove showed better antibacterial activity among the spices. The MBC value ranged from 0.39 to 25mg/ml. The lowest MBC (minimal bactericidal concentration) value was given by essential oil of cinnamon against E.coli, S. aureus and S. Typhi. Gram positive bacteria were found to be more sensitive to spices than Gram negative bacteria. Spices might have a great potential to be used as antimicrobial agents.

Introduction: Non-contrasted computed tomography scan for kidney, ureter, and bladder (CT KUB) for diagnosis of urolithiasis is important for accurate diagnosis, followup, and management. Unlike USG, CT KUB has more diagnostic yield in urolithiasis and other incidental findings. This study aims to evaluate the use of the CT KUB in suspected urolithiasis, presented with severe flank pain. Method: A retrospective observational study was carried out in the Department of Radiology and Imaging, Patan Hospital, Nepal.TheCT KUB reports of patients with suspected urolithiasis from a period of 3 years from Jan 2017 to Jan 2020 were analyzed for evidence of urolithiasis and secondary signs of obstruction as ‘diagnostic’ of CT KUB. Other incidental radiological findings were further analysed and categorized into urinary and extra-urinary. Ethical approval was obtained.Association of USG and CT KUBwas analysed using Chi-square test,with  p value<0.05considered statistically significant. Result: Total of 414 CT KUB reports were analysed, 230(55.6%) males, 314 patients had USG before CT KUB. Considering CT KUB as a gold standard for diagnois of urolithiasis, the accuracy of ultrasound was found to be 85.03% and sensitivity is 94.09% and specificity of 27.9%. Conclusion:  Majority of the patients included in the study had ultrasound done before CT KUB. The sensitivity of ultrasound was significant considering CT KUB as a gold standard in diagnosis of urolithaisis.

Introduction: In an ectopic pregnancy, most patients present with 5 to 9 weeks of amenorrhea, mild pelvic pain and vaginal spotting which triggers the evaluation of ectopic pregnancy. The presence of an extrauterine gestational sac containing a yolk sac or embryo is the most specific sonographic finding whereas an echogenic tubal ring in the adnexa is the most common finding.1  This study aimed to find the accuracy of ultrasound findings versus clinical presentation, intraoperative findings and histological findings. Methods: This is a retrospective study. All patients with histopathological diagnoses of ectopic pregnancy were included in the study and data regarding clinical diagnosis, ultrasound diagnosis and intraoperative diagnosis were retrieved and compared with their histopathological diagnosis. Result: There were 216 cases of ectopic pregnancy with an overall incidence of ectopic pregnancy was 0.88%. The sensitivity with ultrasound diagnosis was 99.52% and specificity 11.11% with positive and negative predictive values were 96.2 % and 50 % respectively and overall diagnostic accuracy of 95.83%. The sensitivity was 97.6% and specificity was 11.1% for clinical diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy. The sensitivity was 100% for intraoperative diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy with a positive predictive value is 95.83%. Conclusion: Clinical diagnosis, intraoperative findings and ultrasound findings were highly sensitive to detecting ectopic pregnancy in the study population. The overall diagnostic accuracy was highest for the ultrasound finding.

Introduction: There are many potential anatomic configurations of celiac axis and hepatic artery. Michel’s classified hepatic arterial variations in 10 categories. Knowledge about these variations in patient is invaluable before surgery. Multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) can accurately depict the vascular anatomy of celiac axis and hepatic artery non-invasively. The aim of this study was to find out the prevalence of different types of anatomical variation of celiac axis and hepatic artery in patients undergoing multiphase CT. Method: Cross-sectional, prospective study was done in Department of Radiology, Patan Hospital, Patan Academy of Health Sciences. MDCT of abdomen of 178 patients with arterial phase images done between December 2021 and March 2022 were evaluated for arterial anatomy of celiac axis and hepatic artery. Arterial anatomy was categorized according to Michel’s classification. Prevalence of each variant anatomy and gender wise prevalence were calculated. Results: CT scans of 178 patients were evaluated out of which 94 were male and 84 were female. Among these individuals 133 (74.7%) had normal anatomy (Type I) and 45 (25.3%) had some sort of variant anatomy. Type III was commonest type of variant anatomy seen in 18 (10.1%) individuals. We found 6(3.4%) individuals with the anatomy other than classified by Michel. Conclusion: There are multiple variation in of celiac axis and hepatic artery anatomy in our population. Knowledge of such anatomical variation will be of great importance for surgeon and interventional radiologist for planning of surgical or vascular procedures and to prevent vascular complication.