electrolyte instead of liquid electrolyte, is considered as a promising strategy to solve the issue while the cycling stability against lithium-metal anode still needs to be improved. [3,4] Modification or rebuilding a stable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer, which comes from the spontaneous reduction of electrolyte on the surface of lithium metal, is known as a desirable technique to improve the cycling stability. [5,6] Generally, lithium fluoride (LiF) is widely considered as a critical component for a stable SEI, by which enhances the Li-ion transport kinetics and regulates the lithium deposition behavior. [7] LiF derives from the decomposition of fluorinated ingredients especially the cleavage of CF bonds in the electrolyte. This can be easily promoted by salt-additive chemistry, by which the additives (such as fluoroethylene carbonate, vinylene carbonate (VC) etc.) would be priorly reduced to form a SEI layer with enriched LiF nanocrystals. [8] Lou and co-workers reported that regulating the redox state of the electrolyte helps control the degradation of fluorinated bonds without sacrificing the additive components. [9] Copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) processes a classical weak and out-plane π-π stacking, from which the extended π-conjugation would improve the electron transfer ability enhancing the electrochemical redox dynamics of electrolyte to form a LiF-rich SEI layer. [10] In addition, dense metal centers (copper) have stronger polarity than H atoms, inducing strong chemisorption capability toward salt anions to improve the Li + transference number (t Li+ ). Moreover, the t Li+ can be further enhanced by sulfonated CuPc followed by lithiation process (the lithiated product is denoted as CuPcLi) as reported in other single lithium-ion conducting systems. [11] Normally, the ionic conductivities of these single-ion conductors are usually very small due to the low level of ionic dissociation. [12] However, this issue can be alleviated by the electron delocalization within CuPcLi molecules, resulting in a high dielectric constant, then a promoted ionic dissociation, and improved ionic conductivity. [13] In this work, we introduced CuPcLi into PVDF-b-PTFE (PVT) polymer matrix and regulated the redox state of the solid electrolyte to form a LiF-rich SEI layer at the Li/electrolyte interface The composition of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) is crucial to stably operate solid-state batteries based on lithium-metal anodes. In this work, the redox state of the PVDF-b-PTFE (PVT) solid polymer electrolyte is regulated by introducing fully conjugated copper polyphthalocyanine metal (CuPcLi), improving the electron transfer kinetics to accelerate the decomposition of fluorinated ingredients. As a result, an effective SEI with enriched lithium fluoride forms in situ at the Li/electrolyte interface, which enhances the Li-ion transport kinetics and regulates the lithium deposition behavior, delivering ultra-stable lithium plating/stripping performance over 2000 h in the Li//Li half-cell. In addition, the c...

Objective: This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the effects of mirror therapy on phantom limb sensation and phantom limb pain in amputees. Data sources: Nine electronic databases (PubMed, EMBASE, MEDLINE, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library, CINAHL, PsycInfo, PreQuest, PEDro) were searched from their inception to May 10th, 2021. Methods: Two authors independently selected relevant studies and extracted the data. The effect sizes were calculated under a random-effects model meta-analysis, and heterogeneity was assessed using the I2 test. The risk of bias was evaluated by the Cochrane risk of bias tool, and the methodological quality was appraised by the PEDro scale. The GRADE approach was applied to assess the confidence of the effect. Results: A total of 11 RCTs involving 491 participants were included in this review and nine RCTs involving 372 participants were included in meta-analysis. The quality of these studies was from poor to good with scores ranging from 2 to 8 points according to PEDro scale. The pooled SMD showed that mirror therapy reduced the pain with a large effect size (−0.81; 95% CI = −1.36 to −0.25; P = 0.005; I2 = 82%; n = 372) compared with other methods (four covered mirror, one phantom exercise, three mental visualization, one sensorimotor exercise, one transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, one tactile stimuli). The quality of evidence for the outcome pain intensity was determined to be fair according to GRADE approach. Conclusion: There is fair-quality evidence that MT is beneficial for reducing phantom limb pain.

Spent lithium ion batteries (SLIB) are potential environmental hazards and if not recycled waste natural resources. We demonstrate for the first time a process to directly reuse Ni-Co-Mn oxides from SLIBs to prepare air electrodes based on a simple thermal treatment method. The effects of heating temperature and duration on the properties of Ni-Co-Mn oxides using scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction is described. The Ni-Co-Mn oxide materials were found to be mainly LiNi1-x-yCoxMnyO2, with the α-NaFeO2-type structure (PDF file: 01-075-9200). After heat treatment at 600 o C, the Ni-Co-Mn oxides exhibited the spinel structure (PDF file: 00-048-0261). Electrochemical tests revealed that the Ni-Co-Mn oxides heat-treated at 600 o C for 300 minutes, exhibited remarkable bifunctional catalytic activities towards the oxygen evolution and oxygen reduction reactions in aqueous KOH electrolyte. The electron transfer number on Ni-Co-Mn oxide electrode for oxygen reduction was about 3.6. When these Ni-Co-Mn oxide powders were applied in an air battery, the energy efficiency was 75 % at a current density of 10 mA cm-2 , at room temperature.

Practical applications of polymer electrolytes in lithium (Li) metal batteries with high‐voltage Ni‐rich cathodes have been hindered by the dendrite growth and poor oxidative stability of electrolytes. Herein, a self‐healing polymer electrolyte is developed by in situ copolymerization of 2‐(3‐(6‐methyl4‐oxo‐1,4‐dihydropyrimidin‐2‐yl)ureido)ethyl methacrylate (UPyMA) and ethylene glycol methyl ether acrylate (EGMEA) monomers. With the electrolyte, the dendrite growth is inhibited by spontaneously repairing dendrite‐induced defects, cracks, and voids at the Li/electrolyte interface; the suppressed dendrite growth and associated electro‐chemo behaviors are visualized by the kinetic Mont‐Carlo simulation. Benefitting from the high ionic conductivity, wide electrochemical window and good interfacial stability, the self‐healing polymer electrolyte enables stable cycling of the LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2 (NMC811) cathode under 4.7 V, achieving a high specific capacity of ≈228.8 mAh g−1 and capacity retention of 80.4% over 500 cycles. The new electrolyte is very promising for developing highly safe and dendrite‐free Li metal batteries with high energy density.

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