Background: Septicaemia caused by Riemerella anatipestifer (R. anatipestifer) is a serious problem in the duck industry worldwide, and it is currently one of the major concerns for duck farming in Vietnam. Aim: This study was conducted to identify the causative agent of septicemia in ducks in Vietnam. The antimicrobial susceptibility and serotypes of R. anatipestifer isolates were also determined to provide valuable information for disease treatment and vaccine development. Methods: R. anatipestifer was isolated using blood agar and chocolate agar media. The commercial API 20NE microtest system and partial nucleotide sequence analysis of the 16s rRNA were used to identify R. anatipestifer strains. Serotypes were determined by slide agglutination test using standard antisera against R. anatipestifer. The disc diffusion method was utilized to investigate the antimicrobial susceptibility of R. anatipestifer isolated strains. Results: A total of 408 samples were collected from ducks with typical symptoms of septicemia for R. anatipestifer isolation. Sixty-nine R. anatipestifer strains were identified. Serotyping results showed that 30 out of 69 bacterial strains were classified as serotypes 1, 6, 8, 10, and 20, with serotype 10 being the most prevalent. The antimicrobial susceptibility test revealed that 100% of the bacterial isolates were susceptible to Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and Imipenem. In contrast, the majority of R. anatipestifer strains were resistant to Nalidixic acid (89.9%), Streptomycin (75.4%), and Norfloxacin (72.5%). Conclusion: This is the first ever report in term of identification, serotyping and antimicrobial susceptibility tests of R. anatipestifer causing septicaemia in ducks of Vietnam, providing useful scientific informations for treatment as well as vaccine development to control the disease.

The research done in this study has delved deeply into the changes made to digital images that are uploaded to three of the major social media platforms and image storage services in today's society: Facebook, Flickr, and Google Photos. In addition to providing up-to-date data on an ever-changing landscape of different social media networks' digital fingerprints, a deep analysis of the social networks' filename conventions has resulted in two new approaches in (i) estimating the true upload date of Flickr photos, regardless of whether the dates have been changed by the user or not, and regardless of whether the image is available to the public or has been deleted from the platform; (ii) revealing the photo ID of a photo uploaded to Facebook based solely on the file name of the photo.

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