Objectives:The present study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of respiratory, gastrointestinal and other pathogens in 100 Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) seropositive patients.Settings:This study was carried out on randomly selected 100 HIV seropositive patients from S. S. G. Hospital during the period from Jan 2006 to Jan 2007.Materials and Methods:Sputum samples, stool samples and oral swabs were collected from all the patients and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was collected from symptomatic patients and processed as per the standard protocol. Sputum samples were examined by microscopy and cultured for bacterial respiratory pathogens. Stool samples were concentrated and examined by microscopy for enteric parasites. Oral swabs and CSF were also examined microscopically and cultured for fungal pathogens. CSF was also examined for bacterial pathogens.Results:A total of 101 pathogens were detected in 60 patients. More than one pathogen was observed in 30 patients. Candida was the commonest isolate (32.67%), followed by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (22.71%) and Cryptosporidium parvum (19.8%).Conclusions:Since opportunistic infections are a major cause of mortality and morbidity in HIV seropositive patients, an early diagnosis and effective treatment are required to tackle them. The type of pathogens infecting HIV patients varies from region to region, and therefore such patients should be constantly screened for these pathogens.

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Dengue is the most rapidly spreading mosquito borne viral disease of mankind, with a 30 fold increase in global incidence over the last five decades. It is a major public health concern throughout the tropical and subtropical regions of the world. The present study was conducted with objective to study epidemiological and demographic characteristics of dengue infection during the year 2019 in Kutch region, Gujarat, India.The study was carried out from January 2019 to December 2019 at Department of Microbiology, Gujarat Adani Institute of Medical Sciences, G.K. General Hospital, Bhuj. The patients having suspected dengue fever was based on standard criteria like presentation of febrile illness of 2-7 days duration were included in this study.A total of 1509 blood samples were collected during study period and serologically tested for dengue NS1 antigen and IgM antibody by capture ELISA testing method. Total 1509 blood samples were tested by ELISA for NS1 antigen and/or IgM antibody as per the protocols and personal, demographic and clinical details of each patient was recorded. Out of 1509 cases 761 tested positive for dengue. Amongst all positive cases 533(47%) were tested positive for NS1 antigen which helped in early diagnosis of dengue. Rise of dengue cases started after the month of October and falls down by the end of December. Analysis of this data revealed that age group 00-10 years had maximum dengue cases. Male cases 418(55%) were more than females 343(45%). Dengue cases were high in urban area.The present study reported that dengue mainly affected children, males and urban population. Perennial occurrence with seasonal increase during monsoon and post monsoon moths was reported. Effective implementation of vector control measures through efforts toward vector breeding source reduction and with the use of personal prophylactic measures against mosquito bites will help in reducing the dengue prevalence in the community.