The genus Vigna comprises very ancient pulse crops originating from Africa and Asia. The complex history and domestication of this genus are just being unraveled by help of genome sequence information. Here, we review the utilization and promising improvement strategies for mung bean (Vigna radiata), which is among the major crops in this group. It is an important legume species that is widely cultivated and consumed in many parts of the world, particularly in Asia. This crop is known for its high nutritional value, drought tolerance, and short growth cycle, which makes it suitable for cultivation in various agro-ecological zones. Despite its importance, mung bean production is often curtailed by various biotic and abiotic factors which significantly limit its yield and quality. In recent years, there has been an increased research interest in mung bean, particularly in the areas of genetic improvement, agronomy, and post-harvest management. Advances in genomic tools, molecular breeding, and biotechnology have provided new opportunities for developing improved mung bean varieties with desirable traits such as high yield, disease resistance and enhanced nutritional quality. In this review, we discuss recent developments and findings on mung bean, with a focus on genetic improvement and agronomy. We highlight the importance of developing improved varieties that are adapted to specific agro-ecological zones and resistant to biotic and abiotic stresses. Overall, mung bean research is relevant for addressing the challenges in agricultural production and food security, particularly in the context of sustainable food production in changing climate.