Wind energy is one of the most sustainable and renewable resources of power generation. Offshore Wind Turbines (OWTs) derive significant wind energy compared to onshore installations. With the established phenomena that the wind speed has been high and consistent in offshore regions, the OWTs are likely to generate more electricity compared to the onshore ones. Design and installation of OWTs require sophisticated technology due to critical ocean environment to meet the safety and serviceability criteria. This necessitates in-depth understanding of power efficiency, mechanical operations and dynamic force distributions, together with the structural and foundation stabilities. This paper presents an intensive review of the existing knowledge on each of these diversified study areas. It is observed the subject is still under development with a significant number of unsolved problems. A critical analysis and the research directions on the relevant investigations have also been included in the paper.

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Amongst various sources of renewable energy, the kinetic energy of blowing wind has environmental friendliness and easy availability, together with other benefits. The wind energy is converted into usable electrical energy by means of a robust device termed a wind turbine. To carry out a performance study of such a device, a small-scale model vertical-axis wind turbine was installed at the laboratory and was run by artificial wind energy produced by a pedestal fan for low and medium speeds and a blower for higher speeds. The variation in critical parameters such as output power and voltage with different speeds was studied. The average output power and voltage were observed to increase with average shaft speed with linear and curvilinear patterns, respectively. The vibration produced at the bearing shaft resulting from the rotating components was analyzed as well. As observed, the peak values of critical vibration parameters such as displacement, velocity, acceleration, and frequency mostly varied curvilinearly with average shaft speeds. To study the applicability of the power generation, an electronically controlled automatic drip irrigation system was allowed to run by the wind turbine and important observations were made. Theoretical analyses (numerical and analytical) of the wind flow and power generation were also performed.

Forest is a major part of the global, ecological, environmental, and recreational system. It has a huge impact on amount of greenhouse gases, atmospheric carbon absorption, and reduction of soil erosion. It directly modulates the temperature and regulate amount and nature of rainwater. To a large extent, forest fire is one of the most dangerous natural hazards that occur in practically in all countries worldwide affecting physical, biological, and environmental consequences. An advanced technology, Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), is nowadays getting more importance and has started application in forest fire detection. The Wireless nodes integrate on the same PCB, the sensors, the data processing, the wireless transceiver, and they all run by the same source- batteries. Unlike cell phones, WSN do not require recharging periodically. The sensors used here, are device for sensing their environment and computing data. The sensors sense physical parameters such as the temperature, pressure, and humidity, as well as chemical parameters such as Carbon Monoxide (CO), Carbon Dioxide (CO2) and Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2). The sensors operate in a self-healing and self-organising wireless networking environment.