Background Consumption of unwashed, raw or unhygienically prepared fruits and vegetables act as potential source for the spread of various parasitic diseases. Moreover, the level of contamination and species of contaminant parasites vary from place to place because of variations in environmental and human factors. Therefore local determination of the level of contamination and associated factors is important for efficient intervention of infections acquired via those food items. Methods A Cross-sectional study was conducted among purchased vegetables in selected markets of Arba Minch town from January to March, 2018. A structured questionnaire was used to capture data about factors associated with parasitic contamination of vegetables in the marketing phase. Selected vegetables were purchased and processed for examination of parasitic contamination using direct wet mount, iodine wet mount and modified zeihl Neelson staining following standard protocols. All data were analyzed using SPSS version 20.0. Results Among 347 vegetable samples examined, 87(25.1%) were contaminated with at least one parasite species. Tomato (35.0%) was the most commonly contaminated vegetable while green pepper (10.6%) was the least contaminated one. Entameoba histolytica/dispar (29, 8.4%) was the commonest parasitic contaminant detected followed by Giardia lamblia (24, 6.9%) and oocyst of Cryptosporidium species (5.8%). Vegetable type (X 2 = 13.5; p = 0.009) and source of vegetables (X 2 = 24.1; p < 0.001) were significantly associated with parasitic contamination of vegetables. Conclusion Parasitic contamination rate among marketed vegetables in the present study is significantly considerable. Entameoba histolytica /dispar was the most frequently detected parasite. We recommend to the local public health sector to establish a system for continuous monitoring of contamination of vegetables sold at local markets.

Background: Inadequate and inappropriate complementary feeding are major factors contributing to excess morbidity and mortality in young children in low resource settings. The early introduction of complementary feeds before the age of six months can lead to displacement of breast milk and increased risk of infections such as diarrhea, which further contributes to weight loss and malnutrition. Therefore the objective of this study is to assess early initiation of Complementary feeding and associated factors, in Kamba Woreda, South West Ethiopia. Methods: a community based cross sectional study was conducted in Kamba woreda, Gamo Gofa Zone, South West Ethiopia. The study was conducted on 562 mothers who have young child from 6 months to 2 years from December 2013 to January 2014 by using pre tested structured questioners. Univariate, bivariate and multivariate analysis was conducted by SPSS version 20. Results: From all respondents 59.6% started complementary feeding before six months. Age of mothers those who are in age group ≥30, AOR 2.60(1.07-6.35) years, Education level those who have no formal education AOR 2.76(1.63-4.69), occupational of mothers those who work as daily worker AOR 3.06(1.03-9.12)and Private work activity(merchant, farmers) AOR 2.39(1.61-3.53), Mothers who have no post natal follow up for their child in Health service AOR(1.64(1.05-2.55) were significantly associated factors for early initiation of complementary feeding in the study area. Conclusion and Recommendation:-A relatively high proportion of mothers start early complementary feeding, despite what is recommended in the national and global infant and young child feeding guidelines. Maternal age, educational statues ,occupational statues, mothers who has no PNC, and mothers who encountered medical illness at post natal period were significant predictors for early initiation of complementary feeding.

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Background: Studies of Antiretroviral Therapy program in Africa have shown high incidence rate of opportunistic infections in both Antiretroviral Therapy receiving and Pre ART Human Immunodeficiency Virus infected patients. However, incidence of opportunistic infections and factors that contribute for development of it were poorly described in Ethiopia especially in the study area.Objective: To determine the effect of HAART on incidence rate of opportunistic infections among HIV-positive adults in Public Health facilities of Arba Minch town.Method: Retrospective cohort study was used and the required sample size was 464. Study participants were selected randomly from the list of adult people living with HIV attending the public health facilities for ART. Univariate analysis was used to describe patients' baseline and follow up characteristics. Kaplan-Meier survival and log rank test were used to estimate survival and compare survival curves respectively. Cox proportional-hazard regression model was used to determine independent predictors of incidence of opportunistic infections.Result: A total of 464 patients (232 in each cohort) contribute for 898.12 person years of follow up. The incidence of opportunistic infections was 55.8 per 100 person year and 3.4 per 100 person year of follow up in pre ART and HAART cohorts respectively. Being on HAART decreased occurrence of opportunistic infections by 93%. In contrary being male, being widowed, substance use, rural residence and having baseline CD4 count of 350-499 cells/µl are independent predictors of increased risk of opportunistic infections. Conclusion:The incidence of opportunistic infection was higher in pre ART cohort. Male gender, being widowed, substance use, rural residence and having baseline CD4 count of 350-499 cells/µl were independent predictors of increased risk of opportunistic infections. J o ur nal o f A ID S & Cli n ic a l R es earc h

Background:Although there is a high awareness about HIV/AIDS prevention methods among youth, in Ethiopia, the problems are still rampant which indicates lack of comprehensive knowledge about its prevention methods among young peoples. Objectives: the main aim of this study was to assess comprehensive HIV/AIDS knowledge level and associated factors among out-of-school youths in Wayu Tuka district. Methods: A community based cross-sectional study was conducted. The data was collected using structured questionnaire from a total of 709 respondents selected systematically from 6 randomly selected kebeles of the district. Data was entered into EPI data version 3.02 and analyzed by using SPSS version 16.0. Multivariable logistic regression was applied to assess the association of the outcome variable and the explanatory variables. . Conclusions: In this study, comprehensive HIV/AIDS knowledge was low. So, appropriate information education and communication programs needs to be intensified for out-of-school youths in the study area.