Purpose: To determine the value of combined positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) during induction chemotherapy (CTx) followed by chemoradiotherapy (CTx/ RTx) for non^small-cell lung cancer to predict histopathologic response in primary tumor and mediastinum and prognosis of the patient. Experimental Design: Fifty consecutive patients with locally advanced non^small-cell lung cancer received induction therapy and, if considered resectable, proceeded to surgery (37 of 50 patients). Patients had at least two repeated 18 F-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG)-PET/CT scans either before treatment (t 0 ) or after induction CTx (t 1 ) or CTx/RTx (t 2 ).Variables from the PET/CTstudies [e.g., lesion volume and corrected maximum standardized glucose uptake values (SUV max,corr )] were correlated with histopathologic response (graded as 3, 2b, or 2a: 0%, >0-10%, or >10% residual tumor cells) and times to failure.Results: Primary tumors showed a percentage decrease in SUV max,corr during induction significantly larger in grade 2b/3 than in grade 2a responding tumors (67% versus 34% at t 1 , 73% versus 49% at t 2 ; both P < 0.005). SUV max,corr at t 2 was significantly correlated with histopathologic response in tumors smaller than the median volume (7.5 cm 3 ; r = À0.54, P = 0.02). In the mediastinal lymph nodes, SUV max,corr values at t 2 predicted an ypN 0 status with a sensitivity and specificity of 73% and 89%, respectively (SUV max,corr threshold of 4.1, r = À0.54, P = 0.0005). Freedom from extracerebral relapse was significantly better in grade 2b/3 patients (86% at16 months versus 20% in 2a responders; P = 0.003) andinpatients with a greater percentage decrease in SUV max,corr in the primary tumor at t 2 in relation to t 0 than in patients with lesser response (83% at 16 months versus 43%; P = 0.03 for cutoff points between 0.45 and 0.55). Conclusions: SUV max,corr values from two serial PET/CT scans, before and after three chemotherapy cycles or later, allow prediction of histopathologic response in the primary tumor and mediastinal lymph nodes and have prognostic value.

Whether micro-organisms can live in periapical endodontic lesions of asymptomatic teeth is under debate. The aim of the present study was to visualize and identify micro-organisms within periapical lesions directly, using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) in combination with epifluorescence and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Thirty-nine periapical lesions were surgically removed, fixed, embedded in cold polymerizing resin and sectioned. The probe EUB 338, specific for the domain Bacteria, was used together with a number of species-specific16S rRNA-directed oligonucleotide probes to identify bacteria. To control non-specific binding of EUB 338, probe NON 338 was used. Alternatively, DAPI (49,69-diamidino-2-phenylindole) staining was applied to record prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA in the specimens. Hybridization with NON 338 gave no signals despite background fluorescence of the tissue. The eubacterial probe showed bacteria of different morphotypes in 50 % of the lesions. Rods, spirochaetes and cocci were spread out in areas of the tissue while other parts seemed bacteria-free. Bacteria were also seen to co-aggregate inside the tissue, forming microcolonies. Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Tannerella forsythensis and treponemes of phylogenetic Group I were detected with specific probes. In addition, colonies with Streptococcus spp. were seen in some lesions. A number of morphotypes occurred that could not be identified with the specific probes used, indicating the presence of additional bacterial species. CLSM confirmed that bacteria were located in different layers of the tissue. Accordingly, the FISH technique demonstrated mixed consortia of bacteria consisting of rods, spirochaetes and cocci in asymptomatic periapical lesions of root-filled teeth.

In contrast, evidence suggests that adenovirus replication occurs in swine, since adenoviral late gene expression produced a 13.5-fold increase in viral load in an individual swine from day 3 to day 7 and 100-fold increase in viral DNA levels in the Ad5-infected swine compared to the animal receiving a replication-deficient adenovirus. Lung histology of Ad5-infected swine revealed a severe interstitial pneumonia. Although the results in swine are based on a small number of animals and need to be confirmed, our data strongly suggest that infection of swine with human adenovirus or oncolytic adenoviral vectors is a more appropriate animal model to study adenoviral pathogenicity or pharmacodynamic and toxicity profiles of adenoviral vectors than infection of mice.

This is the first study to correlate histological results and complications following TCB and SLB in ILD subjects, some of whom underwent both procedures. TCB is a suitable diagnostic tool in ILD, potentially completely dispensing with the need for an SLB in some cases. In all cases, an interdisciplinary case evaluation is necessary as a final step.

By integration of FTIR imaging and a novel trained random forest classifier, lung tumour classes and subtypes of adenocarcinoma are identified in fresh-frozen tissue slides automated and marker-free. The tissue slices are collected under standard operation procedures within our consortium and characterized by current gold standards in histopathology. In addition, meta data of the patients are taken. The improved standards on sample collection and characterization results in higher accuracy and reproducibility as compared to former studies and allows here for the first time the identification of adenocarcinoma subtypes by this approach. The differentiation of subtypes is especially important for prognosis and therapeutic decision.