This paper presents a review of the industrially most relevant exudate gums: gum arabic, gum karya, and gum tragacanth. Exudate gums are obtained as the natural exudates of different tree species and exhibit unique properties in a wide variety of applications. This review covers the chemical structure, occurrence and production of the different gums. It also deals with the size and relative importance of the various players on the world market. Furthermore, it gives an overview of the main application fields of the different gums, both food and non-food.

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The static isothermal crystallization of palm oil was studied by oscillatory rheology. The phase angle, complex modulus, storage modulus and loss modulus were followed as a function of the crystallization time. Various crystallization temperatures were applied, and the results obtained by oscillatory rheology were compared with crystallization data obtained by more classical techniques like differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance (pNMR). It was shown that oscillatory rheology is a valuable complementary method to DSC and pNMR to evaluate primary crystallization. Like DSC and pNMR, oscillatory rheology is capable of differentiating whether crystallization occurs in a two-stage or a single-stage process. In addition, oscillatory measurements also allow the evaluation of aggregation, network formation and post-hardening events like sintering and thus provide information on the crystal network and the final macroscopic properties of the crystallized sample.

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