Neural Tube Defects are the most typical congenital malformations, with almost 300,000 cases annually worldwide. The incidence varies amongst geographical ranges from 0.2 to up to 11 per 1000 live births. In India, incidence is reportedly higher in north than south and can be attributable to diet and genetic variances. Etiology is multifactorial. Severe forms of whitethorn are allied with syndromes. Primary neurulation and secondary neurulation are the most crucial steps in the formation and closure of the neural tube; any interruption can lead to mild to severe NTDs depending on the level of insult during embryogenesis. Various molecular and cellular events take place simultaneously for neural tube bending and closure of the neural tube. Neurological deficit in the newborn is contingent on the level of defect and severity of the structures affected. Survival of the newborn also depends on the severity of the lesion. Folic acid supplementation in all prospective mothers, preferably 4 weeks before conception and at least 12 weeks after conception, can prevent NTDs in folic responsive groups. But there is a significant number of other causes leading to neural tube defects apart from folic acid. Hydrocephalus is the commonest abnormality allied with NTDs in syndromic cases. Conclusion: NTDs are a frequent cause of stillbirths, infant mortality, and palsies in children. There are various reasons for NTDs, but the process of neurulation points towards some factors of NTC, which can be taken care of to lessen the burden of NTDs.

Context: Diarrhea is a preventable cause of under 5 years of mortality. Mothers are a primary caregiver for children at home during an illness so this study was planned. Aims: To estimate the demographic variables and level of knowledge of mothers (18-35 years of age) of under 5 children regarding ORS therapy. Settings and Design: The study was conducted in selected rural areas Chandandih (a small village in Raipur district). There is one sub-center and four Anganwadi's in Chandandih. The population of this study was the mother (18-35 yr.) of under 5yr children. In this study non-probability, purposive sampling was adopted for selecting the sample, and the sample size is 60 mothers. Methods and Material: In this study, 60 mothers were enrolled and their demographic variables were asked, then a self-structured questionnaire was administered. Statistical Analysis Used: The data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics. Demographic variables were analyzed by using descriptive measures (frequency and percentage) and knowledge was analyzed using descriptive statistics (means, standard deviation). Results: This study showed that little and average levels of knowledge regarding ORS therapy of mothers were around 63.34% which may be attributable to their qualification level which was maximum till primary education. Moreover, many were housewives. Only 16.66% had a good level of knowledge regarding ORS therapy. Conclusions: 63.34% had little or average knowledge regarding ORS therapy.

Context: Diarrhoea is the most prevalent cause of morbidity and mortality among children aged under five years. To address this, an education programme is administered. Aim: To assess the effectiveness of a structured educational programme over knowledge of ORS. Methods and Material: 60 mothers aged (18–35 years) of under five-year children were enrolled in this experimental quantitative study by non-probability purposive sampling method. A pre-test and post-test questionnaire administered to a group of mothers. Statistical analysis Paired t -test & Chi-Square test were applied whereas appliable. Results: This study showed a mean improvement of 7.36 (36.85%) in the score of pre-test and post-test as the mean score of the pre-test is 9.37 ± 4.96, and the mean score of post-test is 16.73 ± 2.97, respectively, which reveals that there is a significant improvement in the knowledge of the mothers after the structured educational program on ORS therapy. Conclusion: It is drawn from this study that a structured teaching programme was effective significantly in improving mothers’ knowledge regarding oral rehydration therapy.