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A wider discussion is needed regarding nursing student exchange and internalization of clinical education in placements across European and non-European countries. A clear strategy for nursing education accreditation and harmonization of patterns of organization of clinical training at placements, as well as strategies of student assessment during this training, are recommended. There is also a need to develop international ethical guidelines for undergraduate nursing students gaining international experience.

Our study has shown that the Serbian version of the SIP questionnaire is a reliable tool for assessing the HRQL of patients with chronic hepatitis B and C before starting treatment.

Introduction. Falls and fall-related injuries are common in the geriatric population and may be associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study was to determine differences in the incidence of falls and risk factors for falls between the community-dwelling and institutionalized elderly people. Material and Methods. The cross sectional study was conducted in the period from May 1, 2015 to December 1, 2015, including 300 community-dwelling elderly people and 110 nursing home residents. The research instruments were a sociodemographic questionnaire, Mini nutritional assessment, Katz index, and Lawton scale. Results. During the previous 12 months, at least one fall was reported in 17.1% of the total number of respondents. The incidence of falls was higher among nursing home residents (c 2 = 13.550; p = 0.001). The risk factors for falls were multifactorial. Community-dwelling elderly suffered from urinary incontinence more frequently compared to nursing home residents (p = 0.004), but a significantly worse nutritional status was found in community-dwelling elderly people (p < 0.001). Assistance in basic activities of daily living was required by 3.9% of nursing home residents, and 8.3% of community-dwelling elderly people (p < 0.001). Statistically significant difference was not found in the performance of instrumental activities of daily living (p < 0.145). Conclusion. The incidence of falls was higher in nursing home residents. Risk factors for falls in both examined groups were visual and hearing impairments, urinary incontinence, use of 3 medications per day, damaged functional status, and malnutrition. Prevention of falls requires modification of environmental hazards, reduction of risk factors, their evaluation and strategy implementation.

Dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin are biogenic amines which are transmitters of the central nervous system. The effects of ischemia on the brain parenchyma depends on many factors, such is the mechanism of blood flow interruption, velocity of the occurring blood flow interruption, duration of an ischemic episode, organization of anatomical structures of the brain blood vessels etc., which all influence the final outcome. During interruption of the brain circulation in experimental or clinical conditions, neurotransmitter metabolism, primarily of biogenic amines, is disturbed. Many researches with various experimental models of complete ischemia reported a decrease in the content of norepinephrine, dopamine and serotonin in the CNS tissue. It was proven that hyperglycemia can drastically increase cerebral injury followed by short-term cerebral ischemia. Considering the fact that biogenic amines (dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin) influence the size of neurologic damage, as well as the fact that in hyperglycemic conditions infarct size (from the morphological aspect) is larger relative to normoglycemic status, the intention was to evaluate the role of biogenic amines in occurrence of damage in conditions of hyperglycemia, i.e. in the case of brain apoplexia in diabetics. Analysis of biogenic amines metabolism in states of acute hyperglycemia, as well as analysis of the effects of reversible and irreversible brain ischemia on metabolism of serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine, showed that acute hyperglycemia slows down serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine metabolism in the cerebral cortex and n. caudatus. Brain ischemia in normoglycemic animals by itself has no influence on biogenic amines metabolism, but the effect of ischemia becomes apparent during reperfusion. In recirculation, which corresponds to the occurrences in penumbra, release of biogenic amines is uncontrolled and increased. Brain ischemia in acute hyperglycemic animals increases the release of biogenic amines regardless of ischemia duration (5 or 15 minutes). This effect is more apparent during recirculation. Acute hyperglycemia makes brain tissue more sensitive even to ischemia which last shorter, i.e. reversible ischemia