Background: The inherent complexities of conditions such as tinnitus with cause and mechanism not known, presents a lack of high-level evidence to make an inference on the treatment approaches. A comprehensive review cannot be performed owing to an insufficient number of trials. Hence a scoping review approach was adopted to provide a broad overview of approaches for tinnitus management. Objective: To review the current evidence on prevalent treatment strategies used for tinnitus management and determine barriers and facilitators for the adoption of treatment approaches in developed and developing countries. Methods: The present scoping review was performed in compliance with the PRISMA ScR checklist. A literature search was carried out in PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Cochrane databases. Articles published between 2010-2021 mentioning treatment strategies were included. However, therapies concentrating on symptomatic management were excluded. Evidence with the highest scientific hierarchy such as systematic reviews (SRs) and randomized-controlled trials (RCTs) was considered. The context for the ScR was study-region based and included studies from high-income and low and middle-income countries (HICs, LMICs) Results: A total of 20 records were included with 11 SRs and 9 RCTs. Non-pharmacological interventions demonstrated moderate efficacy, including transcranial magnetic- (TMS) and direct current stimulation (tDCS), hearing aids (combined with a sound generator or alone). No specific drug was found to have a mode of action about the target root cause due to a lack of clinical knowledge. Most of the trials used the same tools for tinnitus severity. Conclusion: Although several scoping reviews are published with an exclusive focus on individual therapies, authors recommend an umbrella review of systematic reviews to generate evidence-based practice consensus for tinnitus.

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) and tuberculosis (TB) have been recognized as re-emerging epidemics, especially in developing countries. Among all the risk factors, diabetes causes immunosuppression, increasing the risk of active TB three times. Vitamin D has been found as a link between DM-TB co-morbidity. Objective: Vitamin D affects the immune response, suppresses Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) growth, and affects insulin secretion. The present systematic review determines the effect of vitamin D supplementation on clinical and therapeutic outcomes of DM-TB patients. Method: A comprehensive literature search was carried out in PubMed, Cochrane, Web of Science, and Scopus database to determine eligible studies from inception to January 2021. Out of 639 articles retrieved, three randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were included in the systematic review. Result: The effect of vitamin D3 or oral cholecalciferol supplementation was assessed on outcomes such as duration to sputum smear conversion, TB scores improvement, change in glycemic parameters including HbA1c, FBS, and PLBS, and laboratory parameters such as Hb, ESR, and CRP. Duration of sputum smear conversion was decreased by two weeks in the vitamin D3 supplemented group in two studies. TB score improvement and changes in glycemic parameters were inclined towards supplemented group; however, they were not significant. Conclusion: The overall effect of vitamin D3 supplementation on TB patients with DM was not significant. Further studies are required in the future examining the effect of supplementation on outcomes in this population.