Clustering is one of the fundamental approaches used to optimize energy consumption in wireless sensor networks. Clustering protocols proposed in the literature can be classified according to different criteria related to their features such as the clustering methodology, objectives, cluster count and size, etc. This paper reviews the existing feature-based classifications of clustering protocols and elaborates a more generic and unified classification. It also analyzes and discusses the relevant design factors that may influence the energy efficiency of clustering protocols and accordingly proposes a new energy-oriented taxonomy. State-of-the-art clustering solutions are then reviewed and evaluated following the proposed taxonomy.

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