Cystic fibrosis (CF) eventually leads to hyperinflation linked to tidal expiratory flow limitation (FL) and ventilatory failure.Presence of FL was assessed at rest in 22 seated children and adults with CF (forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) range: 16-92% predicted), using both the negative expiratory pressure (NEP) technique and the "conventional" method based on comparison of tidal and maximal expiratory flow/volume curves. In addition, chronic dyspnoea was scored with the modified Medical Research Council (MRC) scale. Measurements were made before and 15 min after inhalation of salbutamol.With NEP, FL was present in only three malnourished patients, who had the lowest FEV1 values (16-27% pred) and claimed very severe dyspnoea (MRC score 5). By contrast, an additional seven patients were classified as FL with the conventional method. Six of these patients had little or no dyspnoea (MRC scores 0-1). Salbutamol administration had no effect on the extent of FL, and the concomitant decrease in functional residual capacity (FRC) was too small to play any clinically significant role.This study concluded that in seated patients with cystic fibrosis, expiratory flow limitation is absent at rest, unless the forced expiratory volume in one second is v30% predicted. If present, expiratory flow limitation is associated with severe chronic dyspnoea. The conventional method for assessing expiratory flow limitation is not reliable and bronchodilator administration has little effect on expiratory flow limitation.

No abstract

We describe, in this article, O. LISP: a functional language based on the manipulation of expressions issued from the syntax of lambda-calculus on occurrence (λ()-caculus [8]). In this theoretical framework, the functions are constructed without variables, we essentially use indexes of occurrences and basic terms.In O. LISP new primitives, like SUBO or UNSUBO, realize, respectively, a substitution (without variable, by creating links between numbers of occurrences and arguments) and a locking on some of these links.A first version of O. LISP has been implemented on a LISP interpret We present, at the end of this article, some examples which are extracted from this implementation.

No abstract

No abstract