A human health risk assessment was performed to evaluate the risks due to chlorobenzenes in the air of residential houses. Chlorobenzenes found in the air in the toilets, rooms, and outdoors of three houses in Brisbane, Australia, were sampled by trapping on Tenax TA and analyzed using an automated thermal desorption (ATD)-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) method. Concentrations of 1,4-dichlorobenzene (1,4-DCB) in the rooms, toilets, and outdoors were used as the exposure concentrations (E), while those in the toilets (microg/m3) were used as the high-exposure concentrations (HE). The exposure concentrations were transformed into exposure doses (EXD(E) and EXD(HE)). Dose-response data from the literature for a range of adverse effects in animals were obtained and exposure doses were expressed as human equivalent dose (HED). The HED values were higher than the EXD(E) and EXD(HE) values for all adverse effects, and a hazard quotient was calculated that indicated a low level of risk with the high-exposure environment. The lifetime average daily doses (LADDs) for a wide range of adverse effects observed in human case studies were estimated and compared to the doses in the high-exposure (HE) situation. Using the Monte Carlo simulation technique the probabilities of risk quotients higher than unity ranged from 0.02 to 0.26. This evaluation indicated that 1,4-DCB posed low risks to general residents; however, for individuals with susceptible characteristics and exposure to elevated 1,4-DCB, the probability of adverse responses was moderate to high.
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan instrumen kepekaan musikalitas sehingga dapat memberikan kontribusi terhadap perkembangan peran musik dalam pendidikan serta peningkatan keterampilan sosial pada siswa sekolah dasar. Penelitian ini dilakukan terhadap 381 siswa kelas 3, 4, dan 5 sekolah dasar di Jakarta dan Yogyakarta. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kepekaan musikalitas siswa dapat diukur melalui instrumen kepekaan terhadap musik dan kemampuan ini memiliki korelasi yang signifikan dengan skor kecerdasan sosial. Kata kunci: penghargaan diri, musik pendidikan, penilaian kemampuan musikalitas
The Impact of Listening to Music on Relaxation Condition. This study was conducted to identify the effectiveness of passively using instrumental music in stimulating subjects to reach relaxation. Music has been used for centuries in association with trance condition. Currently, the use has been developing, including in the realm of hypnosis or "brainwashing". The notion that music can affect listeners' self-control has become a well-known topic like the concepts of automatic responses and conditioned reflexes that form the basis of psychological models of musical stimulation. Relaxation as one of the achievements of hypnotherapy in which music has a role in the presence of 'physiological psychology' as a physical reflex phenomenon in response to sounds. The sound of gong – Indonesian traditional musical instrument – and tuning forks have been widely used to induce hypnotic trances to conditioned reflex – automatic responses to sounds that have physiological effects through the conscious mind. In the 1770s, Mesmer, a German doctor, combined the recovery process of his patients with the theory that the universe was deliberately manipulated used in health-related matters. The presence of hypnotism to gain relaxation was considered to be embodied from this treatment known as 'magnetic sleep'. The concept of magnetism was understood as a 'sympathetic vibration' which had something in common with music and it was believed that this condition can be communicated, transmitted and amplified through sounds. In subsequent developments, conventional musical instruments such as piano, violin, and harp were used which further strengthened the perspective of the previous theory. Nevertheless, hardly did the people use local traditional musical instruments or culture, such as gamelan. In this study the authors implemented experimental curation approach with one post-test design only for the same subject group. The authors picked sample consisting of adolescents with no hearing or health problems after being examined. The total sample of N = 10 were given passive musical intervention by listening through compositions of the sound sources and nuances Javanese gamelan nuances, then measurements were taken through self-report questionnaire and integrated group discussion. The results of the study indicate that attaining relaxed condition can reduce subjective stress through listening to music, thereby allowing a temporary reduction in somatic symptoms.ABSTRAK Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengidentifikasi efektivitas penggunaan musik instrumental secara pasif dalam menstimuli subjek agar dapat mencapai kondisi rilaksasi. Musik telah berabad lamanya digunakan dalam asosiasinya dengan kondisi trans dan saat ini pemanfaatannya makin berkembang termasuk ke ranah hypnosis atau “cuci otak”. Gagasan bahwa musik dapat memengaruhi pengendalian diri pendengar telah menjadi tema yang makin dikenal seperti konsep respons otomatis dan refleks terkondisi yang menjadi dasar model psikologi ketika terjadi stimuli musik. Rilaksasi sebagai salah satu capaian hipnoterapi dan musik memiliki peran dengan hadirnya 'psikologi fisiologis' sebagai fenomena refleks fisik merespons suara. Mulai dari suara gong dan garpu tala banyak digunakan untuk menginduksi trans hipnosis hingga ke refleks terkondisi, respons otomatis terhadap suara yang berefek pada fisiologis melalui pikiran sadar. Pada 1770-an, Mesmer, seorang dokter kebangsaan Jerman telah menggabungkan penyembuhan pasiennya dengan teori alam semesta yang secara terencana dimanipulasi untuk digunakan dalam kaitannya dengan kesehatan. Kehadiran hipnotisme untuk mencapai rilaksasi juga dianggap lahir dari perlakuan tersebut yang dikenal dengan istilah ‘magnetic sleep’. Konsep magnetisme dipahami sebagai sebuah 'getaran simpatik' yang memiliki kesamaan dengan musik dan dipercaya kondisi tersebut dapat dikomunikasikan, disebarkan, serta diperkuat melalui suara. Pada perkembangan selanjutnya digunakan alat musik konvensional seperti piano, biola, dan harpa yang makin memperkuat pandangan teori sebelumnya. Namun demikian, hanya sebagian kecil yang menggunakan alat atau kultur musik tradisi setempat seperti, gamelan. Metode penelitian menggunakan pendekatan kurasi eksperimen dengan rancangan one post-test design only pada kelompok subjek yang sama. Sampel dalam penelitian terdiri dari remaja yang telah dilakukan asesmen tanpa memiliki gangguan pendengaran atau kesehatan tertentu. Total sampel sebanyak N=10 diberi intervensi musik secara pasif dengan cara mendengarkan melalui komposisi berdasarkan sumber suara dan nuansa gamelan Jawa kemudian dilakukan pengukuran melalui kuesioner self-report serta diskusi kelompok terpadu. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pencapaian kondisi rileks dapat mengurangi stres subjektif melalui mendengarkan musik sehingga memungkinkan berkurangnya gejala somatik hingga beberapa saat.
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengungkap korelasi antara aktivitas latihan gamolan dan relasi sosial para pemainnya. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan jenis ex-post facto. Populasi penelitian ini 40 orang anggota salah satu kelompok kesenian Lampung. Penentuan jumlah sampel mengunakan teknik sampling jenuh, yaitu sampel diambil dari keseluruhan populasi dengan pertimbangan jumlah populasi yang tidak banyak. Analisis data menggunakan analisis deskriptif. Hasil pengolahan data menunjukan nilai signifikansi sebesar 0,001. Dengan kriteria pengambilan keputusan bahwa jika nilai signifikansi sebesar < 0,05 maka, aktivitas latihan gamolan dan relasi sosial dinyatakan berkorelasi secara signifikan. Dengan demikian aktivitas latihan gamolan berkorelasi positif terhadap relasi sosial pemian gamolan.
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