This study explores the relationship between carbon dioxide emissions and their main determinants, which include real income and energy consumption in Russia, employing data for the period 1990-2016. The hypothesis of agriculture being an important determinant of environmental quality in Russia is also tested. For estimating the short-run and long-run relationships the ARDL bounds test approach is employed in this study. The results are consistent with the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis and show that the real income and energy consumption have a statistically significant positive impact on the carbon emission and its square has a significant negative effect on the carbon emissions both in the short-run and long-run. Agricultural sector is found to be a relatively important statistically significant determinant of carbon emission in Russia as well. The pairwise Granger causality test also reveals unidirectional causality running from agriculture to the carbon emissions.

In this paper, we investigate long and short-term impact of changes in oil prices and the exchange rate on prices of seven groups of agricultural products in Russia (buckwheat, grain crops, potatoes, oat, wheat, rye, barley). In this paper, Granger causality approach is applied to test long-run interlinkages with monthly data from January 1999 to October 2015. For testing the response of agricultural prices to sudden shocks in oil prices and exchange rate in the short run, we use impulse-response techniques. The results of impulse response analysis show that agricultural prices are not particularly sensitive to changes in oil prices and the exchange rate of Russian ruble in the short term, except for imported commodities. In the long run, Granger causal relationship between agricultural prices and oil prices is missing, and with exchange rate is observed only in case of imported agricultural goods.

This paper aims to examine how institutional factors affect carbon dioxide emission in case of Russia with an emphasis on the asymmetrical effects of corruption. Institutional factors include corruption perception in the sampled economy and income inequality. The study deploys a non-linear autoregressive distributed-lagged approach to the hypothesis testing. Using the data for the period 1996-2018 of the sampled factors, affecting carbon dioxide emission in Russia, we aim to find the existence of the cointegration between the variables and determine the existence of the asymmetrical effects. In the results of the empirical investigation it was found that carbon dioxide emissions, corruption and income inequality in Russia are cointegrated. In both the long and short run, positive shocks in corruption increase environmental degradation in Russia. A 1% increase in corruption leads to a 0.13% and 0.17% rise in CO2 emission in the short and long run respectively under 5% significance level. Income inequality is found to be a statistically insignificant determinant of carbon dioxide emission in Russia.

In this article we study the effect of framing on the attitude of lenders toward risk over a credit cycle and also review potential causes of negative framing when making decisions. Using an experimental setting, we present evidence of frame of losses' significant impact on willingness to accept credit risk: In comparison with frame of gains, willingness to accept credit risk increases from 29% in frame of gains up to 77% in frame of losses. Among the main reasons leading to a shift in frames, changes in bargaining power and conflict of interests are proposed. Admitting the existence of negative framing in credit market helps explaining duration of credit crunches and excessive risk taking during the upward phases of credit cycle.

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