This work provides an overview of the recent advances in the field of tear‐based wearable electrochemical biodevices, including non‐invasive biosensors, biological fuel cells and biosupercapacitors. Contact lenses are attractive platforms for fabricating non‐invasive self‐contained gadgets for different applications, starting from devices with casual or mundane purposes only, like personalized smart lenses with direct (invisible for others) displays, and ending with biomedical devices for continuous fitness status and/or health care monitoring. Key requirements and challenges that confront researchers in this exciting area are discussed.
Two blue multicopper oxidases (MCOs) (viz. Trametes hirsuta laccase (ThLc) and Myrothecium verrucaria bilirubin oxidase (MvBOx)) were immobilized on bare polycrystalline gold (Au) surfaces by direct adsorption from both dilute and concentrated enzyme solutions. The adsorption was studied in situ by means of null ellipsometry. Moreover, both enzyme-modified and bare Au electrodes were investigated in detail by atomic force microscopy (AFM) as well as electrochemically. When adsorbed from dilute solutions (0.125 and 0.25 mg mL −1 in the cases of ThLc and MvBOx, respectively), the amounts of enzyme per unit area were determined to be ca. 1.7 and 4.8 pmol cm −2 , whereas the protein film thicknesses were determined to be 29 and 30 Å for ThLc and MvBOx, respectively. A wellpronounced bioelectrocatalytic reduction of molecular oxygen (O 2 ) was observed on MvBOx/Au biocathodes, whereas this was not the case for ThLc-modified Au electrodes (i.e., adsorbed ThLc was catalytically inactive). The initially observed apparent k cat app values for adsorbed MvBOx and the enzyme in solution were found to be very close to each other (viz. 54 and 58 s −1
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