Rapid Single-Flux-Quantum (RSFQ) logic, based on the representation of digital bits by single quanta of magnetic flux in superconducting loops, may combine several-hundred-GHz speed with extremely low power dissipation (close to 10-18 Joule/bit) and very simple fabrication technology. The drawbacks of this technology include the necessity of deep (liquid-helium-level) cooling of RSFQ circuits and the rudimentary level of the currently available fabrication and testing facilities. The objective of this paper is to review RSFQ device physics and also discuss in brief the prospects of future development of this technology in the light of the tradeoff between its advantages and handicaps.

Abstruct-We will describe the design and implementation of a single-chip microprocessor based on LTS Rapid Single-FluxQuantum (RSFQ) technology. Two such chips are to be used in a dual-processor module, being developed by a SUNY-TRW collaboration as a spin-off of the HTMT project. Each FLUX chip represents a simple 16-bit 2-way long-instruction-word (LIW) microprocessor with a pipelined instruction memory of 30-bit instructions, decode and issue units, 8 integer ALUs interlaced with 8 registers, and inputloutput ports through which two FLUX chips can communicate with each other a t a 7-GHz communication rate over a multi-layer MCM. The FLUX instruction set consists of -25 instructions. High performance is reached with a scalable design featuring 1) a very high clock rate, 2) localized, regular and ultrapipelined processing in registers with very short wires, 3) instruction-level parallelism utilization with bit-level resolution of data hazards. A 16-bit implementation of FLUX processor consists of -90,000 Josephson junctions on a -10 mm x 15 mm chip area. Our estimates show that the processor will be able to operate a t clock frequencies up to 20 GHz when implemented using TRW's 4 kA/cm2, 1.75-pm Nb-trilayer technology.

Categorizing and quantifying exposure to trauma and childhood adversities (CAs) presents a significant measurement and analytic challenge. The current study examined the co-occurrence of trauma and CA types using network analyses, an alternative to traditional measurement models. The Trauma History Profile, assessing lifetime exposure to 20 different trauma and CA types, was administered to 618 treatment-seeking children and youth ages 4 to 18 years (52.8% female). The generalized similarity model (Kovács, 2010) was used to construct a network of trauma/CA types to visualize relationships and detect cohesive groups. Four clusters of trauma/CA types emerged: overt forms occurring at the individual level (e.g., physical, sexual, and psychological maltreatment), environmental forms at the family level (e.g., neglect, impaired caregiving), environmental forms occurring at the community level (e.g., community and school violence), and acute forms (e.g., loss, medical trauma). Age of onset data indicated that neglect and psychological maltreatment were most predictive of later occurrences of other trauma and CAs. Structural equation modeling indicated that trauma/CA clusters displayed specific associations with posttraumatic stress, internalizing, and externalizing symptoms. Results demonstrate the potential utility of network analysis to understand the co-occurrence and temporal ordering of multiple types of trauma and CAs. Public Significance StatementThis study applies a novel statistical approach, network analysis, to examine how different types of childhood trauma and adversity co-occur in a treatment-seeking group of youth, suggesting that childhood trauma and adversity types tend to cluster together across different levels of the environment.